Abstract：
:Women have three very important physiological functions that are not observed in men--menstruation, pregnancy and lactation. Each of these mechanisms influences pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs. Individualization of pharmacotherapy is a major challenge of modern medicine. The differences in response to drug are responsible for the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment and the occurrence and severity of toxic effects and side effects. Therapeutic decision should be based not only on account of the dose-effect, but the consideration of gender, genetic and environmental differences affecting the final therapeutic effect. Many important differences between men and women like sex-based differences in normal physiology, or in the predisposition to a specific disease, can be due to genetic differences, the actions of the sex steroid hormones or an interaction between these factors. Women generally have a lower body mass, a reduced hepatic clearance, differences in activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (increase in CYP3A4, decrease in CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP1A2) and different from men's rate of drug metabolism. Other important factors contributing to gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of drugs are conjugation, absorption, protein binding and urinary excretion. It still remains unexplained how gender differences affect the increased risk of side effects. This review is an attempt to assess the biological, physiological and hormonal basis of women differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs.
journal_name
Ginekol Poljournal_title
Ginekologia polskaauthors
Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J,Wolski H,Bogacz A,Kujawski R,Ożarowski M,Majchrzycki M,Seremak-Mrozikiewicz Adoi
10.17772/gp/2002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-02-01 00:00:00pages
143-9issue
2eissn
0017-0011issn
2543-6767journal_volume
86pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The aim of the paper was to evaluate the anatomical state of uterine adnexa in women operated on due to mechanical infertility. Hydrotubation were previously applied in 31 women stemming from various centres in the country, while in 31 such a treatment was not performed at all. The mentioned groups of women were encum...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Angiogenesis in malignant tumors is a prognostic factor associated with tumor growth and metastasis. The aim of the research was: determination of the angiodensity rate in two immunohistochemical techniques, estimation of the value of the examined parameter at different stages of clinical progression and hist...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Predictive factors of damage to the Fallopian tube may guide the treatment for patients with tubal pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of ultrasonographic findings in patients affected by ampullary pregnancy for the determination of the depth of trophoblastic infiltration...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.17772/gp/1893
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The author describes the experiences and observations of 80 women with the Spider Cu, a Polish IUD. The Spider Cu is a copperbearing spatial IUD which demonstrates high elasticity, resilience, as well as a low pregnancy rate. (author's modified) ...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The purpose of the study was to compare concentrations of inflammatory and Th1/Th2 cytokines in serum obtained from women with preeclampsia or severe pregnancy hypertension versus normotensive controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study group consisted of 34 pregnant women with hypertension over 140/90mmHg and ...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The body mass gain is conditioned by lifestyle, as well as many environmental and genetic factors. Recent studies suggest that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a fundamental role in process of growth and differentiation of adipocytes through the acting of angiotensin II and seems to be a significant fa...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The expression of c-MYC gene has been detected by using the method of in situ hybridization. It has been detected mainly in glandular cells but also in stromal cells in atypical endometrial hyperplasia in women after menopause regardless of their age. A similar expression has been found to occur in nonatypical case of...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Clinicopathological study of eleven cases of carcinoma of the fallopian tube to understanding possible risk factors for therapeutic failure. DESIGN:The study group consisted of 11 cases of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube treated in our Department over 25-year period. Clinical and pathologic data wer...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the principal features of the malignant process is the ability of the tumor to form metastases. In case of endometrial cancer pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes and ovaries are the most frequent sites of metastases. In some cases metastases to the distant sites like the lungs and liver occur. The diagnosis of st...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensibility and specificity of transvaginal ultrasonography and diagnostic hysteroscopy were compared in 211 infertile women. Examinations were performed between 1996-2000 in I-st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Warsaw Medical University--Poland. Comparing results we concluded high compatibility of transvagina...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three different variants of biologically agressive cervical cancers, such as: basaloid carcinoma, glassy cell carcinoma and small cell endocrine carcinoma, have been reported. Hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff and immunohistochemical stains were used. The course of disease and aplication of treatment has bee...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The aim of the study is to determine the results of our initial experience of 32 cases who underwent single incision total laparoscopic hysterectomy MATERIALS AND METHODS:Thirty-two patients who underwent transumbilical single incision total laparoscopic hysterectomy between March 2009 and February 2011 wer...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Concentration of thyroxine triiodothyronine and reverse-triiodothyronine in serum blood of 30 pregnant women were estimated, like a longitudinal study from 5 to 41 week of pregnancy. Significant increase of concentration of all hormones was observed. We presented also estimation of iodothyronines in blood serum in lab...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The opioid system modulates the growth and development of CNS. Hypoxia increases endogenous opioids significantly. The density and distribution of mu-opioid receptors in MPOA is cyclical and sexually dimorphic. To test the hypothesis that perinatal hypoxia affects the development of the opioid receptor system in fetus...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Psychological factors are believed to play an important role in infertility and its treatment Psychological problems may be considered to be risk factors and the cause of reduced infertility, as well as contribute to an unsuccessful outcome of infertility treatment. OBJECTIVES:The aim of the study was to ...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The myeloid lineage-derived DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APC), which are highly specialized in capturing antigens and triggering adaptive immune responses. The purpose of our study was to identify of the myeloid DCs in peritoneal fluid of women with nonmalignant ovarian tumors. With use of flow cy...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The premenstrual syndrome occurs in the second phase of period and strain, sensitivity, nervousness, anxiety, sleeplessness, headaches, sickness, swollen breasts are the typical symptoms of the syndrome. 143 high school girls have been subjected to the anonymous questionnaire. They were divided into two groups: A--tho...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The study presents the frequency of occurrence of newborn haemolitic disease caused by Rh (D) system incompatibility in the years 1980-1999. Serological incompatibility prophylaxis was introduced in 1980. Routine use of anti-D immunoglobulin has led to a significant reduction in the number of newborns with haemalitic ...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The group of 100 men, divided into two groups according to WHO criteria concerning the spermatozoa content was evaluated. The group of 44 oligospermic and azoospermic men was compared with the control group consisting of 56 normospermic men by means of Mann-Whitney U. The statistically significant differences were est...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The aim of our study was clinical analysis of patients operated with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Between 1972 and 1991 at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical University of Gdańsk 687 total hysterectomies in Wertheim-Meigs method were performed in ...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An increase in alpha-amylase activity with parallel decrease in glucose concentration in amniotic fluid is observed during pregnancy. This interdependence is a theoretical basis for using an alpha-amylase/glucose index in fetal maturity evaluation. The aim of the study was to investigate usefulness of the alpha-amylas...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:In recent years, much attention has been given to infants born prematurely, at 34 0/7 to 36 6/7 weeks of gestation (WG), which have been classified as 'late preterm'. Neonates from that subgroup are less physiologically and metabolically mature than term infants. The aim of the study was to determine whether...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/GP.2016.0092
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The aim of the paper was to evaluate the usability of nucleated blood cells count in newborn infants in the first 12 hours after their birth as an early marker of intraventricular haemorrhage. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The retrospective research included 210 newborns (both born at term??? and prematurely), del...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The aim of the research was evaluation of the clinical usefulness of chosen ultrasonographic morphological parameters of the yolk sac in the first trimester of unifetal pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHOD:Analysis has been done on 391 cases of unifetal pregnancies in the first trimester. Parameters of ultrason...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The aim of the study was to determine the effect of hormone replacement therapy (oral and transdermal) on the erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity in postmenopausal women. DESIGN:Prospective clinical study. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The erythrocyte Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity was measured in 14 postme...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carcinoma of the Bartholin gland is rate, comprising less then 1% of female genital tract neoplasms. We present the case of 52-year-old female with Bartholin gland carcinoma, discuss the therapeutic problems and review the data from the world literature. ...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Authors had retrospectively analyzed basic exponents of perinatal care of 256 pregnant diabetic woman in years 1993-1998 hospitalized and delivered in Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in the town of Bytom. Our results were very similar to the other of Referent Centres Of Technical Methods Bank Used in Diagnostic a...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The aim of our study was to determine the factors associated with higher incidence of trophoblastic tumours following complete hydatidiform mole. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Epidemiological and clinical factors were studied in eighty five patients with complete hydatidiform mole evacuated from 1973 to 1997 in Depa...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Evaluation of safety and effectiveness of POP (pelvic organ prolapse) treatment with the use of polypropylene mesh depending on type of mesh and application technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We carried out a retrospective study and compared the frequency of perioperative complications and treatment results t...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.17772/gp/1610
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two groups of rats (a control group and the group examined) were administered intraperitoneally supraphysiological doses of hCG in order to induce a "down regulation" effect on the level of receptors LH and to achieve the desensibilization of Leydig cells. The authors tried to find out at which stage of sequence of ch...
journal_title：Ginekologia polska
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
