Abstract:
:Males and females differ across a broad spectrum of morphological, physiological, and behavioral characters. In fact, sexually dimorphic traits typically contribute the largest component of phenotypic variance in most taxa that use sex to reproduce. However, we know very little about the mechanisms that maintain these dimorphic states and how these sexually dimorphic traits evolve. Here, we review our current knowledge of the underlying genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in humans. First, we briefly review the etiology of sex differences starting from sex determination's initial switch early in embryogenesis. We then survey recent sex-biased transcriptomic expression literature in order to provide additional insight into the landscape of sex-biased gene expression in both gonadal and non-gonadal tissues: from overall prevalence to tissue specificity to conservation across species. Finally, we discuss implications of sex-biased genetic architecture to human health and disease in light of the National Institute of Health's recently proposed initiative to promote study samples from both sexes.
journal_name
J Cell Physioljournal_title
Journal of cellular physiologyauthors
Rigby N,Kulathinal RJdoi
10.1002/jcp.24979subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-10-01 00:00:00pages
2304-10issue
10eissn
0021-9541issn
1097-4652journal_volume
230pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Rap1 is a small GTP-binding protein (SMG) that exists in two 95% homologous isoforms, rap1A and rap1B. The functions of the rap1 proteins are not well understood. In this report we examined expression and function of rap1 in primary (HOKs) and immortalized (IHOKs) human oral keratinocytes under different growth condit...
journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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abstract::The level of poly A+ RNA in growing cultures of human diploid fibroblasts is 1.8-fold times greater than in resting cultures. The level of functional ribosomes in growing cultures is 2.8 times that in resting cultures. Since transit times are similar in both types of cells, it can be concluded that the rate of protein...
journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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abstract::The epithelium-specific ETS (ESE)-1 transcription factor is induced in chondrocytes by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). We reported previously that early activation of EGR-1 by IL-1beta results in suppression of the proximal COL2A1 promoter activity by displacement of Sp1 from GC boxes. Here we report that ESE-1 is a pot...
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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abstract::Maintenance of beta1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion in quiescent human mammary epithelial (HME) cells requires protein phosphatase (PP) 2A for not only dephosphorylation of beta1 integrin but also recruitment of IQGAP1 to Rac-bound beta1 integrin. However, how PP2A-dependent regulatory machinery of cell adhesion resp...
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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doi:10.1002/jcp.1041610323
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jcp.25224
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jcp.1041300303
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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doi:10.1002/jcp.21556
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jcp.1041240211
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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doi:10.1002/jcp.10110
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein sorting through vesicular compartments is highly regulated to maintain the integrity and signaling of intracellular organelles in eukaryotic cells. Sorting Nexin-2 (SNX2) is involved in protein sorting in the trans-Golgi network, endosome, and/or lysosome compartments, with loss of function leading to defect i...
journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jcp.20285
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A key attribute of the stringent response of bacteria is the rapid inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis mediated by unusual nucleotides in respnse to uncharged tRNA. The question as to whether mammalian cells show a stringent response analogous to that of bacteria was critically tested by the effective rapid amino ac...
journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jcp.1041050214
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jcp.1041300103
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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journal_title:Journal of cellular physiology
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