RNA-Directed DNA Methylation: The Evolution of a Complex Epigenetic Pathway in Flowering Plants.

abstract：:Technological advances in expression profiling and in the ability to collect minute quantities of tissues have come together to allow a growing number of global transcriptional studies at the cell level in plants. Microarray technology, with a choice of cDNA or oligo-based slides, is now well established, with commerc...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Galbraith DW,Birnbaum K

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Herbivorous insects use diverse feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from their host plants. Rather than acting as passive victims in these interactions, plants respond to herbivory with the production of toxins and defensive proteins that target physiological processes in the insect. Herbivore-challenged plants als...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Howe GA,Jander G

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20-24 nucleotide noncoding RNAs abundant in plants and animals. The biogenesis of plant miRNAs involves transcription of miRNA genes, processing of primary miRNA transcripts by DICER-LIKE proteins into mature miRNAs, and loading of mature miRNAs into ARGONAUTE proteins to form miRNA-induced sile...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Song X,Li Y,Cao X,Qi Y

更新日期：2019-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Plants have evolved a family of unique membrane receptor kinases to orchestrate the growth and development of their cells, tissues, and organs. Receptor kinases also form the first line of defense of the plant immune system and allow plants to engage in symbiotic interactions. Here, we discuss recent advances in under...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Hohmann U,Lau K,Hothorn M

更新日期：2017-04-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Salt stress reduces land and water productivity and contributes to poverty and food insecurity. Increased salinization caused by human practices and climate change is progressively reducing agriculture productivity despite escalating calls for more food. Plant responses to salt stress are well understood, involving nu...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Ismail AM,Horie T

更新日期：2017-04-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Shoot architecture is determined by the organization and activities of apical, axillary, intercalary, secondary, and inflorescence meristems and by the subsequent development of stems, leaves, shoot branches, and inflorescences. In this review, we discuss the unifying principles of hormonal and genetic control of shoo...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Wang B,Smith SM,Li J

更新日期：2018-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Photorespiration is essential for C3 plants but operates at the massive expense of fixed carbon dioxide and energy. Photorespiration is initiated when the initial enzyme of photosynthesis, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), reacts with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide and produces a toxic compo...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Walker BJ,VanLoocke A,Bernacchi CJ,Ort DR

更新日期：2016-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:In Arabidopsis thaliana, the initiation of flowering is carried out by four genetic pathways: gibberellin, autonomous, vernalization, and light-dependent pathways. These processes are integrated by the function of the genes FD, FE, FWA, PDF2, SOC1, and FT at the integration pathway. The integrated signal of the floral...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Komeda Y

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fruiting structures in the angiosperms range from completely dry to highly fleshy organs and provide many of our major crop products, including grains. In the model plant Arabidopsis, which has dry fruits, a high-level regulatory network of transcription factors controlling fruit development has been revealed. Studies...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Seymour GB,Østergaard L,Chapman NH,Knapp S,Martin C

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plant cells are unique in that they contain four species of alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex: plastidial pyruvate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) dehydrogenase, and branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. All complexes include multiple copies of three ...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Mooney BP,Miernyk JA,Randall DD

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small GTP-binding proteins represent a highly conserved signaling module in eukaryotes that regulates diverse cellular processes such as signal transduction, cytoskeletal organization and cell polarity, cell proliferation and differentiation, intracellular membrane trafficking and transport vesicle formation, and nucl...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Nielsen E

更新日期：2020-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The dynamic light environment of vegetation canopies is perceived by phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins, and UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8). These receptors control avoidance responses to preclude exposure to limiting or excessive light and acclimation responses to cope with conditions that cannot be avoided. The...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Casal JJ

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The physiological and molecular mechanisms of tolerance to osmotic and ionic components of salinity stress are reviewed at the cellular, organ, and whole-plant level. Plant growth responds to salinity in two phases: a rapid, osmotic phase that inhibits growth of young leaves, and a slower, ionic phase that accelerates...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Munns R,Tester M

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many aspects of plant growth and development require specific protein interactions to carry out biochemical and cellular functions. Several proteins mediate these interactions, two of which specifically recognize phosphoproteins: 14-3-3 proteins and proteins with FHA domains. These are the only phosphobinding domains ...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Chevalier D,Morris ER,Walker JC

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cryptochromes are photosensory receptors mediating light regulation of growth and development in plants. Since the isolation of the Arabidopsis CRY1 gene in 1993, cryptochromes have been found in every multicellular eukaryote examined. Most plant cryptochromes have a chromophore-binding domain that shares similar stru...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Lin C,Shalitin D

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In addition to its role in water and nutrient uptake, the root system is fundamentally important because it anchors a plant to its substrate. Although a wide variety of root systems exist across different species, all plants have a primary root (derived from an embryonic radicle) and different types of lateral roots. ...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Bellini C,Pacurar DI,Perrone I

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Laser microdissection (LM) utilizes a cutting or harvesting laser to isolate specific cells from histological sections; the process is guided by microscopy. This provides a means of removing selected cells from complex tissues, based only on their identification by microscopic appearance, location, or staining propert...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Nelson T,Tausta SL,Gandotra N,Liu T

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only five major types of sensory photoreceptors (BLUF-proteins, cryptochromes, phototropins, phytochromes, and rhodopsins) are used in nature to regulate developmental processes, photosynthesis, photoorientation, and control of the circadian clock. Sensory photoreceptors of algae and protists are exceptionally rich in...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Hegemann P

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Regulatory small RNAs, which range in size from 20 to 24 nucleotides, are ubiquitous components of endogenous plant transcriptomes, as well as common responses to exogenous viral infections and introduced double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Endogenous small RNAs derive from the processing of helical RNA precursors and can be...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Axtell MJ

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genomics is enabling a renaissance in all disciplines of plant biology. However, many plant genomes are complex and remain recalcitrant to current genomic technologies. The complexities of these nonmodel plant genomes are attributable to gene and genome duplication, heterozygosity, ploidy, and/or repetitive sequences....

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Hirsch CN,Buell CR

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Predicting which nonnative species become invasive is critical for their successful management, and Charles Darwin provided predictions based on species' relatedness. However, Darwin provided two opposing predictions about the relatedness of introduced nonnatives to indigenous species. First, environmental fit is the ...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Cadotte MW,Campbell SE,Li SP,Sodhi DS,Mandrak NE

更新日期：2018-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Crop productivity relies heavily on nitrogen (N) fertilization. Production and application of N fertilizers consume huge amounts of energy, and excess is detrimental to the environment; therefore, increasing plant N use efficiency (NUE) is essential for the development of sustainable agriculture. Plant NUE is inherent...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Xu G,Fan X,Miller AJ

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gain-of-function approaches have been used as an alternative or complementary method to loss-of-function approaches as well as to confer new functions to plants. Gain-of-function is achieved by increasing gene expression levels through the random activation of endogenous genes by transcriptional enhancers or the expre...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Kondou Y,Higuchi M,Matsui M

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The chloroplast genome encodes proteins required for photosynthesis, gene expression, and other essential organellar functions. Derived from a cyanobacterial ancestor, the chloroplast combines prokaryotic and eukaryotic features of gene expression and is regulated by many nucleus-encoded proteins. This review covers f...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Stern DB,Goldschmidt-Clermont M,Hanson MR

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Alkaloids represent a highly diverse group of compounds that are related only by the occurrence of a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring. Plants are estimated to produce approximately 12,000 different alkaloids, which can be organized into groups according to their carbon skeletal structures. Alkaloid biosynthesis in...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Ziegler J,Facchini PJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heterotrimeric G-protein complexes couple extracellular signals via cell surface receptors to downstream enzymes called effectors. Heterotrimeric G-protein complexes, together with their cognate receptors and effectors, operate at the apex of signal transduction. In plants, the number of G-protein complex components i...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Temple BR,Jones AM

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell separation is a critical process that takes place throughout the life cycle of a plant. It enables roots to emerge from germinating seeds, cotyledons, and leaves to expand, anthers to dehisce, fruit to ripen, and organs to be shed. The focus of this review is to examine how processes such as abscission and dehisc...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Roberts JA,Elliott KA,Gonzalez-Carranza ZH

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Trichomes and root hairs differentiate from epidermal cells in the aerial tissues and roots, respectively. Because trichomes and root hairs are easily accessible, particularly in the model plant Arabidopsis, their development has become a well-studied model of cell differentiation and growth. Molecular genetic analyse...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Ishida T,Kurata T,Okada K,Wada T

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria synthesize storage polysaccharides by a similar ADPglucose-based pathway. Plant starch metabolism can be distinguished from that of bacterial glycogen by the presence of multiple forms of enzyme activities for each step of the pathway. This multiplicity does not coincide with any...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Ball SG,Morell MK

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic engineering is a molecular biology technique that enables a gene or genes to be inserted into a plant's genome. The first genetically engineered plants were grown commercially in 1996, and the most common genetically engineered traits are herbicide and insect resistance. Questions and concerns have been raised...

journal_title：Annual review of plant biology

authors： Mackelprang R,Lemaux PG

更新日期：2020-04-29 00:00:00