Abstract:
:Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is now referred to as mechanistic target of rapamycin, integrates many signals, including those from growth factors, energy status, stress, and amino acids, to regulate cell growth and proliferation, protein synthesis, protein degradation, and other physiological and biochemical processes. The mTOR-Rheb-TSC-TBC complex co-localizes to the lysosome and the phosphorylation of TSC-TBC effects the dissociation of the complex from the lysosome and activates Rheb. GTP-bound Rheb potentiates the catalytic activity of mTORC1. Under conditions with growth factors and amino acids, v-ATPase, Ragulator, Rag GTPase, Rheb, hVps34, PLD1, and PA have important but disparate effects on mTORC1 activation. In this review, we introduce five models of mTORC1 activation by growth factors and amino acids to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation for future research.
journal_name
Int J Mol Scijournal_title
International journal of molecular sciencesauthors
Zheng X,Liang Y,He Q,Yao R,Bao W,Bao L,Wang Y,Wang Zdoi
10.3390/ijms151120753subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-11-13 00:00:00pages
20753-69issue
11issn
1422-0067pii
ijms151120753journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is among the severe neuro degenerative diseases that lack widely available effective treatments. As the disease progresses, patients lose the control of voluntary muscles. Although the neuronal degeneration is the cause of this disease, the failure mechanism is still unknown. In ord...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms19051318
更新日期:2018-04-28 00:00:00
abstract::Placental homeostasis of tryptophan is essential for fetal development and programming. The two main metabolic pathways (serotonin and kynurenine) produce bioactive metabolites with immunosuppressive, neurotoxic, or neuroprotective properties and their concentrations in the fetoplacental unit must be tightly regulated...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
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abstract::The natural agent, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-phenyl-1,3-propanedione (HMDB), has been reported to have growth inhibitory effects on several human cancer cells. However, the role of HMDB in cervical cancer remains unclear. Herein, we found that HMDB dose- and time-dependently inhibited growth of HeLa cervical canc...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms17081274
更新日期:2016-08-05 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing photosynthetic ability as a whole is essential for acquiring higher crop yields. Nonleaf green organs (NLGOs) make important contributions to photosynthate formation, especially under stress conditions. However, there is little information on the pod wall in legume forage related to seed development and yie...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
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更新日期:2020-06-23 00:00:00
abstract::Melanogenesis is a biological process resulting in the production of melanin pigment, which plays an important role in the prevention of sun-induced skin injury, and determines hair and skin color. So, a wide variety of approaches have been proposed to increase the synthesis of melanin. This study evaluated the effect...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms19103211
更新日期:2018-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing scientific evidence demonstrated the deregulation of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) expression in complex diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. The dynamic regulation of HERV activity and their responsiveness to a variety of environmental stimuli designate HER...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2018-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::Mechanical unloading simultaneously induces muscle and bone loss, but its mechanisms are not fully understood. The interactions between skeletal muscle and bone have been recently noted. Although canonical wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling is crucial for bone metabolism, its roles in the musc...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
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abstract::Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important target for obesity treatment and prevention. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts bioactive epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) into less active diols. sEH inhibitors (sEHI) are beneficial in many chronic diseases by stabilizing EpFAs. However, roles of sEH and sEHI in brown adipog...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
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更新日期:2020-09-24 00:00:00
abstract::Spontaneous beating of the heart pacemaker, the sinoatrial node, is generated by sinoatrial node cells (SANC) and caused by gradual change of the membrane potential called diastolic depolarization (DD). Submembrane local Ca2+ releases (LCR) from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) occur during late DD and activate an inward N...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms19082173
更新日期:2018-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::Reactive Oxygen Species or "ROS" encompass several molecules derived from oxygen that can oxidize other molecules and subsequently transition rapidly between species. The key roles of ROS in biological processes are cell signaling, biosynthetic processes, and host defense. In cancer cells, increased ROS production and...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
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更新日期:2020-04-28 00:00:00
abstract::Cypermethrin is one of the most highly effective synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. The toxicity of cypermethrin to the reproductive and nervous systems has been well studied. However, little is known about the toxic effect of cypermethrin on immune cells such as macrophages. Here, we investigated the cytotoxicity of ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms17060885
更新日期:2016-06-17 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanism of the chemical reaction of H2O with three stabilized Criegee intermediates (stabCI-OO, stabCI-CH3-OO and stabCIx-OO) produced via the limonene ozonolysis reaction has been investigated using ab initio and DFT (Density Functional Theory) methods. It has been shown that the formation of the hydrogen-bonde...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms14035784
更新日期:2013-03-12 00:00:00
abstract::Chitosan is a cationic polymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin, found abundantly in crustacean, insect, arthropod exoskeletons, and molluscs. The process of obtaining chitin by the chemical extraction method comprises the steps of deproteinization, demineralization, and discoloration. To obtain chitosan, the deace...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms21124290
更新日期:2020-06-16 00:00:00
abstract::Lichens, composite organisms resulting from the symbiotic association between the fungi and algae, produce a variety of secondary metabolites that exhibit pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of the secondary metabolite atraric acid produced by Heterodermia hypol...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21197070
更新日期:2020-09-25 00:00:00
abstract::Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) infects roots and colonizes the vascular vessels of host plants, significantly reducing the economic yield of cotton and other crops. In this study, the protein VdTHI20, which is involved in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway, was characterized by knocking out the corresponding VdTHI20...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
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doi:10.3390/ijms21041378
更新日期:2020-02-18 00:00:00
abstract::Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), a key enzyme to synthesize arginine is down regulated in many tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Similar to previous reports, we have found the decrease in ASS expression in poorly differentiated HCC. These ASS(-) tumors are auxotrophic for arginine. Pegylated arginine...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms18061175
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Iron is an essential mineral participating in different functions of the organism under physiological conditions. Numerous biological processes, such as oxygen and lipid metabolism, protein production, cellular respiration, and DNA synthesis, require the presence of iron, and mitochondria play an important role in the...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms21217889
更新日期:2020-10-24 00:00:00
abstract::Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle cell growth and proliferation. Furthermore, myostatin directly affects the expression of 14q32 microRNAs by binding the 14q32 locus. Direct inhibition of 14q32 microRNA miR-495-3p decreased postinterventional restenosis via inhibition of both vascular smooth muscle cell (VSM...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21103508
更新日期:2020-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::The bHLH-PAS (basic helix-loop-helix/ Period-ARNT-Single minded) proteins are a family of transcriptional regulators commonly occurring in living organisms. bHLH-PAS members act as intracellular and extracellular "signals" sensors, initiating response to endo- and exogenous signals, including toxins, redox potential, ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms20194746
更新日期:2019-09-24 00:00:00
abstract::We first demonstrated that long-term increased polyamine (spermine, spermidine, putrescine) intake elevated blood spermine levels in mice and humans, and lifelong consumption of polyamine-rich chow inhibited aging-associated increase in aberrant DNA methylation, inhibited aging-associated pathological changes, and ext...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms20051254
更新日期:2019-03-12 00:00:00
abstract::Porcine mammary fatty tissues represent an abundant source of natural biomaterial for generation of breast-specific extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we report the extraction of total ECM proteins from pig breast fatty tissues, the fabrication of hydrogel and porous scaffolds from the extracted ECM proteins, the struct...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms19102912
更新日期:2018-09-25 00:00:00
abstract::Acetylation of nuclear apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is associated with its extracellular secretion, despite the lack of an N-terminal protein secretion signal. In this study, we investigated plasma membrane targeting and translocation of APE1/Ref-1 in HEK293T cells with enhanced ace...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms20133178
更新日期:2019-06-28 00:00:00
abstract::The use of animal models in fundamental or pre-clinical research remains an absolute requirement for understanding human pathologies and developing new drugs. In order to transpose these results into clinical practice, many parameters must be taken into account to limit bias. Attention has recently been focused on the...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms22020774
更新日期:2021-01-14 00:00:00
abstract::The WRKY web, which is comprised of a subset of WRKY transcription factors (TFs), plays a crucial role in the regulation of plant immunity, however, the mode of organization and operation of this network remains obscure, especially in non-model plants such as pepper (Capsicum annuum). Herein, CaWRKY22, a member of a s...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms19051426
更新日期:2018-05-10 00:00:00
abstract::Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a polygenic and multifactorial syndrome. Many complex immunological and genetic interactions are involved in the final outcome of the clinical disease. Autoantibodies (rheumatoid factors, anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibodies) are present in RA patients' sera for a long time before...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms19030677
更新日期:2018-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have received increasing attention for their important role in tumor initiation and progression. MiRNAs are a class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of several oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. MiR-19a, a component of the oncogenic miR-1...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms19123944
更新日期:2018-12-07 00:00:00
abstract::Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and their adaptive counterpart type 2 T helper (TH2) cells respond to interleukin-33 (IL-33) by producing IL-5, which is a crucial cytokine for eosinophil development in the bone marrow. The aim of this study was to determine if bone marrow ILC2s, TH cells, and eosinophils are loca...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21113751
更新日期:2020-05-26 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding the molecular mechanisms of skeletal myoblast differentiation is essential for studying muscle developmental biology. In our previous study, we reported that knockdown of myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) inhibited myoblast differentiation. Here in this study, we further identified that MEF2A controlled...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms20112748
更新日期:2019-06-04 00:00:00
abstract::This study was conducted in order to determine the effect of priming with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at 0.5 mM on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed germination under osmotic stress (OS) induced by polyethylene glycol (30 g/L PEG 6000); and salinity stress (S, 150 mM NaCl) and their combination (OS+S). Priming with GABA sign...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms20225709
更新日期:2019-11-14 00:00:00
abstract::Arrhythmias in Brugada syndrome patients originate in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). Over the past few decades, the characterization of the unique anatomy and electrophysiology of the RVOT has revealed the arrhythmogenic nature of this region. However, the mechanisms that drive arrhythmias in Brugada synd...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms21197051
更新日期:2020-09-25 00:00:00