Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Knowledge of our immune system functions is critical for understanding allergic airway disease development as well as for selection of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients with respiratory allergies. METHODS:This review explains the current understanding of the basic immunology of the upper airways and the pathophysiology of allergic responses, including the mechanisms behind allergic rhinitis. RESULTS:The immune system can be divided to 2 main defense systems that function differently-innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity includes several defensive mechanisms such as anatomic or physical barriers, physiological barriers, phagocytosis, and inflammation. The adaptive immune response is activated in an antigen-specific way to provide for the elimination of antigen and induce lasting protection. Hypersensitivity reactions occur when an exaggerated adaptive immune response is activated. Allergic rhinitis is an example of a type I, immunoglobulin E, mediated hypersensitivity reaction. CONCLUSION:Today we have several immunomodulatory treatment options for patients with allergic airway diseases, such as subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy. An understanding of the basics of our immune system and its method of functions is key for using these therapies appropriately.
journal_name
Int Forum Allergy Rhinoljournal_title
International forum of allergy & rhinologyauthors
Toskala Edoi
10.1002/alr.21380subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-09-01 00:00:00pages
S21-7eissn
2042-6976issn
2042-6984journal_volume
4 Suppl 2pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Earlier studies have suggested that patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) report worse sleep quality than population norms. What remains unknown is whether these patients are actually experiencing measurable changes in objective sleep parameters. The goal of this study was to prospectively evaluate obje...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1002/alr.22212
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sinonasal inverted papillomas (IPs) is controversial. Determining the prevalence of HPV infection and its impact on the molecular biology of these tumors is critical to characterizing its role in the pathogenesis of IPs. METHODS:A total of 112 paraffin-embedded IPs ...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21524
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Patients with viral respiratory infections/viral rhinitis/common colds are often treated with antibiotic; however, there is little information on whether or how bacterial microbiota in the nose and nasopharynx might influence the course of viral illnesses. METHODS:To initiate investigation of possible int...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21191
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Early postoperative care following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has been suggested to minimize avoidable complications and optimize long-term outcomes. Several postoperative care strategies have been proposed but a formal comprehensive evaluation of the evidence has never been performed. The purpose of thi...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/alr.20072
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Environmental factors such as inhaled pollutants like cigarette smoke may play a significant role in diseases of the upper airway including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The objectives of this review are to summarize prior studies that describe the correlation between active smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/alr.21054
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:According to epidemiologic studies, fine particulate matter (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm, PM2.5) is closely associated with increases in the incidence and severity of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the role of PM2.5 in the pathophysiology of CRS remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated ...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.22182
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. As evidence suggests that some genetic variants may increase susceptibility to both AR and asthma, the objective of this study was to identify asthma susce...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21725
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) is commonly performed in recalcitrant frontal sinusitis, in part to achieve better penetration of medicated irrigations postoperatively. Although EMLP requires a septectomy for exposure, it is unknown whether septectomy size affects delivery of irrigations. In...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.22158
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Reported revision rates for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) vary significantly. Several investigations examining revision rates for ESS have been limited by duration of follow-up, academic centers, or small surgeon cohorts. The objective of this study was to define the long-te...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.22264
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) enjoys high success rates, but repopulation with pathogenic bacteria is 1 of the hallmarks of poorer outcomes. There are many hypothesized sources of repopulating bacteria; however, this process remains largely unexplored. This study examined changes in the sinus microbiome aft...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21630
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The objective of this work was to evaluate prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in the United States, and analyze prevalence of atopic disease in patients with EoE. The study design was a retrospective administrative database analysis in U.S.-based outpatient settings. METHODS:A retrospective claims...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21968
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Nasal steroids are a critical part of the management of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Increasingly, practitioners are using budesonide respules delivered to the sinonasal cavities, which is an off-label use, in lieu of traditional nas...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/alr.21688
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) represents a recalcitrant form of sinonasal inflammation for which a multidisciplinary consensus on patient management has not been reached. Several medical interventions have been investigated, but a formal comprehensive evaluati...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/alr.21826
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This study reviews the published literature related to extramedullary sinonasal plasmacytomas. Clinical presentation, demographics, treatment, and outcomes of this uncommon disease are reported. METHODS:A systematic review of studies for sinonasal plasmacytomas from 1950 to 2012 was conducted. A PubMed data...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/alr.21254
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Osteitis is a feature of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and often associated with recalcitrant disease. Radiological characteristics of osteitic sinus changes are commonly reported in practice but the clinical and pathologic significance is poorly defined. The objective of this study was to correlate the Kenne...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21113
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The association between sinonasal microbiome and clinical outcomes of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is unclear. We performed a systematic review of prior studies evaluating the CRS microbiome in relation to clinical outcomes. METHODS:Computerized searches of PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, and EMBASE...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.22524
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Multiple prospective and retrospective studies have reported results from balloon-only procedures and hybrid balloon sinus surgeries through intermediate follow-up periods of up to 1 year. Long-term durability results beyond 2 years are limited. METHODS:One-year results from the original study of standalone...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1002/alr.21024
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Inadequate efficacy of current intranasal steroids in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is attributable to ineffective and/or inconsistent drug delivery to target anatomic sites. A new exhalation delivery system with fluticasone (EDS-FLU) may improve outcomes by significantly increasing superior/posterior cortico...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.22141
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition encountered in primary care medicine and is estimated to affect 12.5% of the United States population. This study aims to compare methods of assessing health utility in CRS. METHODS:A cross-sectional sample of CRS patients (n = 137) were interviewed using d...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21556
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) becomes unclear when patients require multiple courses of corticosteroids to maintain quality of life. Repeated courses of corticosteroids carry increased risks to patients. Although endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is an effective therapeu...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/alr.21377
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Optimizing the intranasal distribution of nasal steroid spray (NS) is important in managing patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Using a 3-dimensional computational model of the human nose, we found that inspiratory airflow improved particle distribution by 86%. We hence designed a study to determine if the...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21807
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The correct use of inhalation devices is essential for successful therapy. We aimed to evaluate the skills in the use of a spacer device with an metered-dose inhaler (MDI) and factors that influence this skill in asthmatic preschool children's caregivers. METHODS:The caregivers of 12-month-old to 72-month-o...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21648
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airway that is commonly encountered by the otolaryngologist. This article provides information on how to recognize patients with asthma and discuss issues related to diagnosis, treatment, and continued management within the context of current guidelines. ...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/alr.21386
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The 5-year overall survival rate for patients with sinonasal cancers has remained around 50% for the last 3 decades. Prior studies on head and neck cancers have suggested that 1 reason for poor survival is the frequent development of second primary malignancies (SPMs). The purpose of this study is to assess ...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.22092
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are mucin-associated secretory products that are produced in the airways and gastrointestinal tract. These peptides appear to play an important role in mucosal healing and epithelial protection and are overexpressed in chronically inflamed gastrointestinal tissues. We hyp...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21334
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma (SNACC) is a rare malignancy with a propensity for distant metastasis. In this study we describe the incidence and determinants of survival among patients with SNACC between the years 2004 and 2012 using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). METHODS:This was a retrospective...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.22255
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Odontogenic sinusitis (OS) presents a therapeutic dilemma. Evidence is lacking whether dental treatment alone is sufficient or whether patients will eventually require endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Our aim was to identify predictors of OS patients undergoing ESS. METHODS:Retrospective review performed of ...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21736
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The available allergic rhinitis (AR) literature continues to grow. Critical evaluation and understanding of this literature is important to appropriately utilize this knowledge in the care of AR patients. The International Consensus statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (ICAR:AR) has been pro...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 共识发展会议,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.22070
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Our objectives were to evaluate collaboration with medical students and other nondoctoral authors, and assess whether mentoring such students influences the academic productivity of senior authors. METHODS:Six issues of the Laryngoscope and International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology (IFAR) were examined for...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.21247
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This analysis explores the increasing heterogeneity of trends in allergy management under the premise that the practice of allergy has undergone significant changes in national economics, healthcare delivery, and treatment options from 2007 to 2016. METHODS:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) d...
journal_title:International forum of allergy & rhinology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/alr.22111
更新日期:2018-05-21 00:00:00