Abstract:
:Pain modulation by placebo mechanisms is one of the most robust and best-studied phenomena, yet almost all research investigating the mechanisms and implications of the placebo analgesia are based on adult research. After highlighting crucial aspects that need to be considered in studying pain modulation in children, this comprehensive review examines studies related to pain modulation with an emphasis on factors such as age, neural development and pain measures. We critically discuss psychological mechanisms underlying placebo effects, including (1) verbally induced expectations, (2) conditioning and learning mechanisms, and (3) child-parent-physician interactions. Taken together, research suggests that placebo mechanisms can affect therapeutic outcomes and potentially be exploited clinically to improve clinical outcomes in pediatric population. Recommendations for further investigating the mechanistic bases and harnessing placebo effects for supportive therapeutic applications are given.
journal_name
Painjournal_title
Painauthors
Simmons K,Ortiz R,Kossowsky J,Krummenacher P,Grillon C,Pine D,Colloca Ldoi
10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.036subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-11-01 00:00:00pages
2229-2235issue
11eissn
0304-3959issn
1872-6623journal_volume
155pub_type
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