Abstract:
:Methoxetamine is one of the constantly growing group of novel psychoactive substances that has emerged in recent years. The compound belongs to the arylcyclohexylamine class, which is used for its recreational and psychedelic effects. Methoxetamine is a structural analogue of ketamine, with a much longer duration of action and intensity of effects, and has been extensively advertised as its 'legal' and 'bladder friendly' alternative. This review surveys the current state of knowledge regarding the metabolism, pharmacology, prevalence and pattern of methoxetamine use, and analytical methods of its detection. Consumption of methoxetamine bears a significant health risk and may even lead to fatal intoxication. A significant amount of research is still needed in order to fully quantify the short- and long-term effects of methoxetamine and its interaction with other drugs of abuse.
journal_name
Toxicol Lettjournal_title
Toxicology lettersauthors
Zawilska JBdoi
10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.011subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-11-04 00:00:00pages
402-7issue
3eissn
0378-4274issn
1879-3169pii
S0378-4274(14)01298-3journal_volume
230pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Stable and specific biomacromolecular adducts can be used to measure in vivo doses of reactive compounds. An LC/MS-MS method to measure adducts from the benzo[a]pyrene (BP) metabolite (±)-anti-BP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide ((±)-anti-BPDE) to His(146) in serum albumin (SA), earlier evaluated on in vitro alkylated human SA, ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.019
更新日期:2015-01-05 00:00:00
abstract::Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a group of protein-modifying and nucleotide-polymerizing enzymes able to catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-ribose units from NAD to substrate proteins. In the human genome, 16 different genes encoding for members of this emerging family of enzymes have been identified. Know...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00429-0
更新日期:2003-04-04 00:00:00
abstract::Inorganic arsenic has strong human carcinogenic potential, but the availability of an animal model to study toxicity is extremely limited. Here, we used the transgenic zebrafish line Tg(k18(2.9):RFP) as an animal model to study arsenite toxicity. This line was chosen because the red fluorescent protein (RFP) is expres...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.10.024
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::To understand the underlying mechanism for apoptosis induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNP), human airway epithelial cell line was cultured to investigate the relevant apoptosis pathways. Our results showed that the levels of reactive oxygen species and morphological apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent ma...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.014
更新日期:2010-06-16 00:00:00
abstract::The brominated flame retardant (BFR) hexabromocyclododecane was tested in a one-generation reproduction assay in Wistar rats, enhanced for endocrine parameters. A solution of the compound in corn oil was mixed in the feed, targeting at dietary exposure of 0-0.1-0.3-1-3-10-30-100 mg/kg body weight/day (mkd) in parental...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.003
更新日期:2009-02-25 00:00:00
abstract::Ethylene (ET) is the largest volume organic chemical. Mammals metabolize the olefin to ethylene oxide (EO), another important industrial chemical. The epoxide alkylates macromolecules and has mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. In order to estimate the EO burden in mice, rats, and humans resulting from inhalation e...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.896
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cynomolgus monkeys showed no measurable adverse effects following inhalation of 500 ppm dimethylformamide (DMF), 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 2 weeks either when exposed whole-body or head-only (one monkey per exposure route). Measurement of DMF concentrations into and out of the head-only exposure unit along with measurement o...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(91)90076-i
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative effects of Fe(2)O(3), benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and pyrene, alone or in association (B(a)P or pyrene coated onto Fe(2)O(3) particles), in normal human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) in culture. We evaluated: (i) membrane integrity, through fatty acid release ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(00)00231-9
更新日期:2000-09-30 00:00:00
abstract::Identification of genetic polymorphisms responsible for reduced DNA repair capacity may allow better cancer prevention. We examined whether variations in genes involved in base-excision (hOGG1, XRCC1) and double strand break (XRCC3) DNA repair contribute to inter-individual differences in genotoxic effects induced in ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.12.002
更新日期:2005-04-10 00:00:00
abstract::Synthetic musks are present in fine fragrances, cosmetics, soaps and laundry detergents. One of the most important synthetic musks is 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthaline+ ++ (AHTN; annual production: about 1500 metric tons). An increasing number of studies show that AHTN accumulates in surfa...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00176-9
更新日期:1999-12-20 00:00:00
abstract::The hepatotoxic effects of the oral administration of a single dose of 50 mg dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)/kg and daily doses of 5 mg and 1 mg/kg, respectively, to cats and lizards were studied by light microscopy. Centrilobular necrosis was the main alteration detected in the liver of cats as in other animal species stud...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(81)90172-7
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::288 BALB/c male mice were allocated to: Group 1-control; Group 2-500 ppm of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) in the food, with control water; Group 4-500 ppm of 2-AAF in the food and 250 mg/100 ml of vitamin C in the water; and Group 3-control food and 250 mg% of vitamin C in the water. Major histopathologic changes at t...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(80)90136-8
更新日期:1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The distribution and acute lethality of i.v. administered 3 micrometers latex spheres were determined in rats. The results extend previous studies demonstrating the similarity between dog and rat in the dynamics of microspheres in these species and the inverse relationship between sphere diameter and hemodynamic toxic...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(81)90035-7
更新日期:1981-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aromatic amines are metabolically activated into mutagenic compounds by both animal and plant systems. The 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOP) is a well-known direct-acting mutagen whose mutagenic potential can be enhanced by plant metabolism; m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) is converted to mutagenic products detected by the ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.05.011
更新日期:2004-11-02 00:00:00
abstract::The acute toxicity of fullerenol-1 was determined using mice pretreated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with polyhydroxylated C60 derivatives. The LD50 value of fullerenol-1 was estimated to be 1.2 g/kg. Pretreatments with 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg fullerenol-1 decreased cytochromes P450 and b5 contents, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 red...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(97)00071-4
更新日期:1997-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::Development of a fetus into a phenotypic male depends, first, on testis formation and second, on hormone production by the fetal testis. Disorders of testicular hormone production or action can lead in severe cases to phenotypic abnormalities or can predispose towards impaired reproductive health. Evidence for deterio...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00298-3
更新日期:2001-03-31 00:00:00
abstract::A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of thiamphenicol (TAP) was performed in F344 rats. The minimum lethal dose was estimated to be greater than 10 g/kg body weight, when a single dose of 4-10 g/kg of TAP was given orally. In the subchronic toxicity study, groups of 12 F344 rats of each sex were given solutions contain...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(97)03883-6
更新日期:1997-04-28 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Ethanol intake can increase the sedative effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate/gamma-butyrolactone (GHB/GBL), although the real clinical impact is unknown. We studied the clinical impact of the co-ingestion of ethanol in patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with acute toxicity related to GHB/GBL us...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.001
更新日期:2019-10-10 00:00:00
abstract::Cataract is the leading cause of blindness with an estimated 16 million people affected worldwide. d-galactose (d-gal) is a reducing sugar that widely distributed in foodstuffs, and studies show that d-gal could promote cataract formation by damaging nature lens epithelial cells (LECs). However, the underlying mechani...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.001
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pregnant sows were fed a control diet (CON, 0.15 mg deoxynivalenol (DON) and 0.0035 mg zearalenone (ZON) per kg diet) or diet containing 15% of Fusarium toxin contaminated triticale (MYCO, 4.42 mg DON and 0.048 mg ZON per kg diet) during days 35-70 of gestation. All sows were fed in a restricted feeding regimen with t...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.04.016
更新日期:2008-07-10 00:00:00
abstract::Male rats were administered diets containing monobutyl (MBP), mono-iso-butyl (MIBP), monooctyl (MOP) or mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) for 1 week, and serum lipid compositions were determined. Non-esterified fatty acid was increased and triglycerides and total cholesterol were decreased in all monoester-treated gr...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(82)90012-1
更新日期:1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper compares two methods for global optimization of physiologically based toxicokinetic models: Monte Carlo optimization, which searches randomly for the optimum; and the simplex method, which updates systematically an array of parameter values. Two measures of goodness-of-fit are also contrasted: criterion fun...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(93)90103-5
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The data obtained from in vitro systems utilizing human cells and tissues should form a basic part of the information necessary for risk assessment. The most important thing for such systems is, therefore, to simulate the structures and functions of cells and tissues in the native organ as closely as possible. In desi...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(96)03721-6
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treatment of young male rats with dipentyl phthalate (DPP) produced significant decreases in testicular cytochrome P-450, cytochrome P-450 dependent microsomal steroidogenic enzymes (17 alpha-hydroxylase, 17-20 lyase) and in the maximal binding of a natural substrate (progesterone) to testis microsomes. No effect was ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(83)90226-6
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Crotonaldehyde is an environment pollutant and lipid peroxidation product. Crotonaldehyde produces adverse effects to humans and serves as a risk factor for human pulmonary diseases. Like acrolein and 4-hydroxynonenal, crotonaldehyde seems likely to alter many cell signaling cascades, including inflammatory responses....
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.05.005
更新日期:2010-08-16 00:00:00
abstract::Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of a cadmium (Cd) salt at concentrations of 1.0, 2.5 and 4.0 mg CdCl2/kg body wt. caused severe liver injury in rats 24 h after administration. The toxic effects were most evident in the intermediate dose of 2.5 mg. Thymidine kinase (TK), the key enzyme of the salvage pathway of D...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(92)90010-h
更新日期:1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paraquat poisoning results in damages of multiple organs including liver, kidney and lung, and antioxidants have been proven to have protective effects. As a novel free radical scavenger, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (MCI-186), was introduced to clinical use recently, its protective effect was studied on acute ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00113-9
更新日期:2003-06-05 00:00:00
abstract::At the present work, different groups of rainbow trouts have been intraperitoneally treated with a polychlorinated biphenyls commercial mixture (Arochlor-1254) at three doses (5, 20 and 70 mg PCBs/ kg body weight) and they have been sampled at 0 (injection moment), 3, 6 and 9 weeks after xenobiotic exposure. Purificat...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00284-9
更新日期:2002-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::The possible role of acetylcholine receptors on the HgCl(2)-induced dopamine (DA) release from rat striatum was investigated by using in vivo brain microdialysis technique after administration of selective nicotinic and muscarinic receptor antagonists, mecamylamine and atropine, respectively. Intrastriatal infusion of...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.008
更新日期:2008-05-30 00:00:00
abstract::Activity of telomerase, the enzyme that synthesizes the telomere ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, is repressed in most normal human somatic cells but induced in most human cancers. Normal human cells that lack telomerase activity progressively lose telomere sequences. In contrast, most immortalized cell lines an...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00278-1
更新日期:1998-12-28 00:00:00