The long and winding road of progress in the use of in vitro data for risk assessment purposes: From "carnation test" to integrated testing strategies.

abstract：:Mitochondrial dynamics are regulated by two sets of opposed processes: mitochondrial fusion and fission, and mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation (including mitophagy), as well as processes such as intracellular transport. These processes maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, regulate mitochondrial form, volume and ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Meyer JN,Leuthner TC,Luz AL

更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We investigated the ability of alachlor to cause DNA damage by measuring single-strand breaks (SSB) in DNA, after metabolic activation by freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Incubation of different concentrations of alachlor with rat hepatocytes led to numerous metabolites. The majority, isolated and identified by GC-MS...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Bonfanti M,Taverna P,Chiappetta L,Villa P,D'Incalci M,Bagnati R,Fanelli R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a matter of global concern. Arsenic intake impairs immune responses and leads to a variety of pathological conditions including cancer. In order to understand the intricate tuning of immune responses elicited by chronic exposure to arsenic, a mouse model was established by su...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Choudhury S,Gupta P,Ghosh S,Mukherjee S,Chakraborty P,Chatterji U,Chattopadhyay S

更新日期：2016-05-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Cadmium is a heavy metal, which is widely used in industry, affecting human health through occupational and environmental exposure. In mammals, it exerts multiple toxic effects and has been classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cadmium affects cell proliferation, differen...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Waisberg M,Joseph P,Hale B,Beyersmann D

更新日期：2003-11-05 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared the results of the multiple-dose guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and the non-radioactive murine local lymph-node assay (LLNA) for various biocides. Thirteen out of 17 positive biocides in the GPMT gave positive results in the LLNA. In the GPMT, the minimum first induction doses ranged over four orders ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Yamano T,Shimizu M,Noda T

更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Atrazine (ATZ) is used throughout North America to control annual broadleaf weeds and grasses in various crops including; corn, sorghum, and sugar cane. Unfortunately, contamination of surface and ground water has occurred as a result of ATZ's chemical and physical properties, and its widespread use throughout the U.S...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Karrow NA,McCay JA,Brown RD,Musgrove DL,Guo TL,Germolec DR,White KL Jr

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies on the pulmonary retention of benzo[a]pyrene after inhalation have shown that clearance is biphasic, with one component clearing with a half-time greater than 1 day and another with a half-time less than 1 day. In the work reported here we demonstrated that the amount of benzo[a]pyrene instilled in the lungs c...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Medinsky MA,Kampcik SJ

更新日期：1985-06-28 00:00:00

abstract：:There are reports of alterations in the number and functions of the cells of the immune system in patients with metal-on-metal (MOM) orthopaedic implants. These effects have been correlated with elevated chromium levels in the patients' blood. We have investigated the interactions of clinically relevant concentrations...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Lalaouni A,Henderson C,Kupper C,Grant MH

更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Maize co-contamination with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) is frequently found in several countries. Although the alterations on nutritional and immunologic parameters induced by these mycotoxins, when administered individually, are partially characterised, little is known about the effects induced in anim...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Theumer MG,López AG,Masih DT,Chulze SN,Rubinstein HR

更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The majority of human P450-dependent xenobiotic metabolism is carried out by polymorphic enzymes which can cause abolished, quantitatively or qualitatively altered or enhanced metabolism. The latter situation is due to stable duplication, multiduplication or amplification of active genes, most likely in response to di...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Ingelman-Sundberg M

更新日期：2002-12-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent attention to methanol (MeOH) as a potential alternative fuel prompted an evaluation of the chemical's effects during early pregnancy. Rats were dosed by gavage during Days 1-8 of pregnancy at 0, 1.6, 2.4, or 3.2 g MeOH/kg/day. Groups of animals were killed on Days 9, 11, or 20 of pregnancy, and maternal, embryo...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Cummings AM

更新日期：1993-05-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The organophosphorus nerve agent soman is an irreversible cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor that can produce long-lasting seizures and seizure-related brain damage (SRBD) in which acetylcholine and glutamate are involved. Since these neurotransmitters play a key-role in the auditory function, it was hypothesized that a h...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Carpentier P,Pouyatos B,Dorandeu F,Campo P,Baille V,Foquin A,Job A

更新日期：2010-11-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Aniline and its halogenated derivatives are widely used as chemical intermediates. The purpose of this study was to determine the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic potential of the 2-haloanilines. Male Fischer 344 rats (n > or = 4) were injected (i.p.) with 1.0 or 1.25 mmol/kg of: aniline (A), 2-fluoroaniline (2-FA), 2-chlo...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Valentovic MA,Ball JG,Anestis DK,Beers KW,Madan E,Hubbard JL,Rankin GO

更新日期：1992-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Amiodarone is a class III anti-arrhythmic compound that is iodinated, cationic and amphiphilic in nature. The clinical use of amiodarone may be associated with various side-effects, including pulmonary and hepatic toxicity. Use of this compound during pregnancy may therefore place the fetus at risk through in utero ex...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Hill DA,Reasor MJ

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toluene is a widely abused inhaled solvent. This study was designed to determine whether toluene abuse affects the reproductive functions or general health of males. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to toluene vapor inhalation (0, 4000, or 6000 ppm; 2 h/day) daily for 5 weeks. Exposure-related supp...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Ono A,Kawashima K,Sekita K,Hirose A,Ogawa Y,Saito M,Naito K,Yasuhara K,Kaneko T,Furuya T,Inoue T,Kurokawa Y

更新日期：1999-12-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Oral administration of sodium pyridinethione together with 63Ni2+, 109Cd2+ or 65Zn2+ to non-pregnant mice resulted in very markedly increased levels of the metals in several tissues in comparison with animals given the metals alone. For 63Ni2+ the sodium pyridinethione induced a strong labelling of the pancreatic isle...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Jasim S,Tjälve H

更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although NO2-induced cytotoxic responses have been well characterized, the specific mechanisms responsible for initiating toxicity remain equivocal. The inhomogeneous distribution of epithelial injury suggests that differential interactions between NO2 and the lung surfaces may contribute to the extent of regional res...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Postlethwait EM,Bidani A

更新日期：1994-05-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Indomethacin (IMC) has been shown to reduce post-operative inflammation and to decrease intraocular irritation after cataract extraction and in cystoid macular edema; however, the clinical use of its most commonly used eye drops is limited due to topical side-effects that include burning sensation, irritation and epit...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Nagai N,Ito Y,Okamoto N,Shimomura Y

更新日期：2014-05-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Hyperhomocysteinemia has been proposed as an important risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias and ischemia worldwide. However, the cellular mechanism underlying toxic effects of homocysteine on hearts remains conjectural. It is well known that aberrant sodium channels can promote the development of cardiac arrhythmias an...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Cai B,Shan L,Gong D,Pan Z,Ai J,Xu C,Lu Y,Yang B

更新日期：2009-02-27 00:00:00

abstract：:CI-959 is an orally effective inhibitor of cellular activation in both in vitro and animal models. To assess the effects of CI-959 on immune function, male Fischer 344 rats were evaluated for splenic T- and B-lymphocyte populations, antibody-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells (sRBC), concanavalin A and pok...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Bleavins MR,de la Iglesia FA,McCay JA,White KL Jr,Munson AE

更新日期：1995-04-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Five male and female rats per dose-group received 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TBDD) once on the first day of the study. Doses of 10, 33, 100, or 300 micrograms 2,3,7,8-TBDD/kg body wt. and the vehicle control were administered by gavage. About 20% of 2,3,7,8-TBDD was excreted via feces. Severe body wei...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Ivens IA,Löser E,Rinke M,Schmidt U,Neupert M

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Within the framework of an EU project on risk assessment of brominated flame retardants, TBBPA was studied for neurobehavioral effects in rats. To permit benchmark dose analysis, eight dose levels were chosen ranging from 0 to 3000mg/kg body weight. Exposure of parental rats started 10 and 2 weeks before mating in mal...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Lilienthal H,Verwer CM,van der Ven LT,Piersma AH,Vos JG

更新日期：2008-04-03 00:00:00

abstract：:This review deals with some of our contributions to the use of chemotaxis, as a tool in evaluating effects of industrial xenobiotics on PMN, either in vitro or ex vivo. In vitro experiments have shown that lead, arsenic, styrene and 2,5-hexanedione, a major neurotoxicant metabolite of n-hexane, reduce chemotaxis. The ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Governa M,Valentino M,Visonà I

更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The agricultural fungicide, N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) induces acute polyuric renal failure which is attenuated by pretreatment with the glutathione depletors, diethyl maleate or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). In the present study, the temporal aspects of BSO attenuation of NDPS nephrotoxicity were invest...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Rankin GO,Beers KW,Teets VJ,Nicoll DW,Anestis DK

更新日期：1997-02-28 00:00:00

abstract：:In the present study, we demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of a dimethylarsenic compound in seaweed, (R)-(2',3'-dihydroxypropyl) 5- deoxy-5-dimethylarsinoyl-beta-D-riboside, namely arsenosugar (AsSug), on mammalian cells, murine macrophages, in comparison with that of an inorganic arsenical, arsenite, in vitro. More t...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Sakurai T,Kaise T,Ochi T,Saitoh T,Matsubara C

更新日期：1997-10-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The effects of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) on the brain of mice were examined by light-microscopy under the intended conditions of use of this material. Basal diet containing 5, 10 or 15% w/w MSG was fed to pregnant, lactating and weanling mice ad libitum, resulting in the ingestion of 14.0, 42.8 or 42.0 g/kg body wt...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Takasaki Y

更新日期：1978-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Palmitoylpentachlorophenol (PPCP), which is a lipid conjugate of a xenobiotic compound, has been found in human fat. To study the toxicity associated with PPCP, rats were given 100 mg/kg PPCP and sacrificed at 4, 8 and 12 days. The target organ identified was the exocrine pancreas; no other major organs examined showe...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Ansari GA,Kaphalia BS,Boor PJ

更新日期：1987-10-12 00:00:00

abstract：:The guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) has been used as a method for the prediction of skin sensitizing potential for over 30 years. Besides hazard identification, risk assessment of sensitizing chemicals requires the assessment of potency. For the determination of potency based on lowest effective dose levels, dose-...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： van Och FM,Vandebriel RJ,Prinsen MK,De Jong WH,Slob W,van Loveren H

更新日期：2001-10-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats were exposed to isopropanol by inhalation of 200,2000 and 8000 ppm for 2 weeks with a daily exposure of 6 h. A pilot group exposed to 8000 ppm was given a recovery period of 4 weeks. Kidney and liver microsomal metabolism of n-hexane was investigated in vitro concomitant with activities of cytochrome P-450 and GS...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Zahlsen K,Aarstad K,Nilsen OG

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Induction of lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity has been studied in rats following their exposure to different regimes of cigarette smoke produced from tobacco and the tobacco substitute NSM. The rate of induction of AHH was maximal during the first 3 days of exposure to tobacco smoke. The frequency of e...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Down WH,Chasseaud LF,Sacharin RM

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00