Abstract:
:Most animals have separate sexes. The differential expression of gene products, in particular that of gene regulators, is underlying sexual dimorphism. Analyses of sex-biased expression have focused mostly on protein-coding genes. Several lines of evidence indicate that microRNAs, a class of major gene regulators, are likely to have a significant role in sexual dimorphism. This role has not been systematically explored so far. Here, I study the sex-biased expression pattern of microRNAs in the model species Drosophila melanogaster. As with protein-coding genes, sex-biased microRNAs are associated with the reproductive function. Strikingly, contrary to protein-coding genes, male-biased microRNAs are enriched in the X chromosome, whereas female microRNAs are mostly autosomal. I propose that the chromosomal distribution is a consequence of high rates of de novo emergence, and a preference for new microRNAs to be expressed in the testis. I also suggest that demasculinization of the X chromosome may not affect microRNAs. Interestingly, female-biased microRNAs are often encoded within protein-coding genes that are also expressed in females. MicroRNAs with sex-biased expression do not preferentially target sex-biased gene transcripts. These results strongly suggest that the sex-biased expression of microRNAs is mainly a consequence of high rates of microRNA emergence in the X chromosome (male bias) or hitchhiked expression by host genes (female bias).
journal_name
Open Bioljournal_title
Open biologyauthors
Marco Adoi
10.1098/rsob.140024subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-04-02 00:00:00pages
140024issn
2046-2441pii
rsob.140024journal_volume
4pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
Open Biology文献大全abstract::The urine of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) contains substantial quantities of a small protein that is expressed at much higher levels in males than females, and at higher levels in males in the breeding season. This protein was purified and completely sequenced at the protein level by mass spectrometry. Leucine/isoleu...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.170135
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The structures of F-ATPases have been determined predominantly with mitochondrial enzymes, but hitherto no F-ATPase has been crystallized intact. A high-resolution model of the bovine enzyme built up from separate sub-structures determined by X-ray crystallography contains about 85% of the entire complex, but it lacks...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.150119
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the first cell-fate decision of mouse preimplantation embryo development, a population of outer-residing polar cells is segregated from a second population of inner apolar cells to form two distinct cell lineages: the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass (ICM), respectively. Historically, two models have been ...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.170210
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Parkinson's disease (PD) gene, PARK6, encodes the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mitochondrial kinase, which provides protection against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Given the link between glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function and insulin secretion in β-cells, and the reported association of PD...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.140051
更新日期:2014-05-07 00:00:00
abstract::'Epichromatin', the surface of chromatin beneath the interphase nuclear envelope (NE) or at the surface of mitotic chromosomes, was discovered by immunostaining with a specific bivalent mouse monoclonal anti-nucleosome antibody (mAb PL2-6). 'Chromomeres', punctate chromatin particles approximately 200-300 nm in diamet...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.180058
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts of a recently discovered class of genes which do not code for proteins. LncRNA genes are approximately as numerous as protein-coding genes in the human genome. However, comparatively little remains known about lncRNA functions. We globally interrogated changes in the lncR...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.150262
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The innate immune response is the first line of defence against infection. Germ-line-encoded receptors recognize conserved molecular motifs from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Receptor activation results in the initiation of a pro-inflammatory immune response that enables the resolution of infection. Understan...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.120015
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nutrient fluctuations in the cellular environment promote changes in cell metabolism and growth to adapt cell proliferation accordingly. The target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling network plays a key role in the coordination of growth and cell proliferation with the nutrient environment and, importantly, nutrient limita...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.180015
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::At least 150 human proteins are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). The protein moiety of GPI-APs lacking transmembrane domains is anchored to the plasma membrane with GPI covalently attached to the C-terminus. The GPI consists of the conserved core glycan, phosphatidylinositol and glycan side ch...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.190290
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In unicellular bacteria, the ParA and ParB proteins segregate chromosomes and coordinate this process with cell division and chromosome replication. During sporulation of mycelial Streptomyces, ParA and ParB uniformly distribute multiple chromosomes along the filamentous sporogenic hyphal compartment, which then diffe...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.150263
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Typical centrioles are made of microtubules organized in ninefold symmetry. Most animal somatic cells have two centrioles for normal cell division and function. These centrioles originate from the zygote, but because the oocyte does not provide any centrioles, it is surprising that the zygotes of many animals are thou...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.160334
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although systemic or local inflammation, commonly featured by cytokine activation, is implicated in patients with bone loss, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. As microRNAs (miR), a class of small non-coding RNAs involved in essential physiological processes, have been found in bone cells, we aimed to invest...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.150258
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The conserved process of centriole duplication requires Plk4 kinase to recruit and promote interactions between Sas6 and Sas5/Ana2/STIL (respective nomenclature of worms/flies/humans). Plk4-mediated phosphorylation of Ana2/STIL in its conserved STAN motif has been shown to promote its interaction with Sas6. However, S...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.170247
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptic vesicle exocytosis relies on the tethering of release ready vesicles close to voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and specific lipids at the future site of fusion. This enables rapid and efficient neurotransmitter secretion during presynaptic depolarization by an action potential. Extensive research has revealed that...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.170258
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Redox conditions change in events such as immune and platelet activation, and during viral infection, but the biochemical consequences are not well characterized. There is evidence that some disulfide bonds in membrane proteins are labile while others that are probably structurally important are not exposed at the pro...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.110010
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the aetiological agent of tuberculosis, has evolved to scavenge nutrients from the confined environment of host macrophages with mycobacterial ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters playing a key role in nutrient acquisition. Mtb-UspC (Rv2318) is the solute-binding protein of the ess...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.160105
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with various diseases, such as cancer, myopathies, neurodegeneration and obesity. Mitochondrial homoeostasis is achieved by mechanisms that adapt the number of mitochondria to that required for energy production and for the supply of metabolic intermediates necessary to su...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.130185
更新日期:2013-12-18 00:00:00
abstract::Differentiation of columnar epithelial cells involves a dramatic reorganization of the microtubules (MTs) and centrosomal components into an apico-basal array no longer anchored at the centrosome. Instead, the minus-ends of the MTs become anchored at apical non-centrosomal microtubule organizing centres (n-MTOCs). For...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.160274
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::How a single genome can give rise to distinct cell types remains a fundamental question in biology. Mammals are able to specify and maintain hundreds of cell fates by selectively activating unique subsets of their genome. This is achieved, in part, by enhancers-genetic elements that can increase transcription of both ...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.200255
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer is considered a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells and is propelled by somatic mutations. Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) family of enzymes are endogenous sources of somatic mutations found in multiple human cancers. Wh...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.200188
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::TRPA1 is a non-selective cation channel involved in pain sensation and neurogenic inflammation. Although TRPA1 is well established in a number of organs including the nervous system, its presence and function in the mammalian cortex remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the expression of TRPA1 in rodent somatosensory ...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.160314
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The conserved Hedgehog (HH) signals control animal development, adult stem cell maintenance and oncogenesis. In Drosophila, the HH co-receptor Patched (PTC) controls both HH gradient formation and signalling. PTC is post-translationally downregulated by HH, which promotes its endocytosis and destabilization, but the m...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.150112
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The kinetochore is a complex structure whose function is absolutely essential. Unlike the centromere, the kinetochore at first appeared remarkably well conserved from yeast to humans, especially the microtubule-binding outer kinetochore. However, recent efforts towards biochemical reconstitution of diverse kinetochore...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.200284
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a promising cancer drug target as a molecular chaperone critical for stabilization and activation of several of the oncoproteins that drive cancer progression. Its actions depend upon its essential ATPase, an activity fortuitously inhibited with a very high degree of selectivity by nat...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.120138
更新日期:2012-12-12 00:00:00
abstract::Adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases are among the most difficult human health conditions to model for drug development. Most genetic or toxin-induced cell and animal models cannot faithfully recapitulate pathology in disease-relevant cells, making it excessively challenging to explore the potential mechanisms under...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.180177
更新日期:2019-01-31 00:00:00
abstract::Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a highly conserved energy sensor, has a crucial role in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases, as well as in cancer and metabolic disorders. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that AMPK activation enhances paracellular junctions, ...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.170104
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::RANKL (receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand, TNFSF11) is a member of the TNF superfamily that regulates bone remodelling and the development of the thymus, lymph nodes and mammary glands. While RANKL and its membrane bound receptor RANK (TNFRSF11A) are expressed in the adult central nervous system and have been implicat...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.120150
更新日期:2013-01-08 00:00:00
abstract::RNA interference (RNAi) in insects is routinely used to ascertain gene function, but also has potential as a technology to control pest species. For some insects, such as beetles, ingestion of small quantities of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is able to knock down a targeted gene's expression. However, in other species,...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsob.190198
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer cells undergo many different alterations during their transformation, including genetic and epigenetic events. The controlled division of healthy cells can be impaired through the downregulation of tumour suppressor genes. Here, we provide an update of the mechanisms in which epigenetically altered coding and n...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.170152
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wnts are a highly conserved family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in the morphogenesis and body patterning during the development of metazoan species. In recent years, mounting evidence has revealed important functions of Wnt signalling in diverse aspects of neural development, including neuronal ...
journal_title:Open biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsob.180116
更新日期:2018-10-03 00:00:00