Abstract：
:Venomous animals are thought to inject the same combination of toxins for both predation and defence, presumably exploiting conserved target pharmacology across prey and predators. Remarkably, cone snails can rapidly switch between distinct venoms in response to predatory or defensive stimuli. Here, we show that the defence-evoked venom of Conus geographus contains high levels of paralytic toxins that potently block neuromuscular receptors, consistent with its lethal effects on humans. In contrast, C. geographus predation-evoked venom contains prey-specific toxins mostly inactive at human targets. Predation- and defence-evoked venoms originate from the distal and proximal regions of the venom duct, respectively, explaining how different stimuli can generate two distinct venoms. A specialized defensive envenomation strategy is widely evolved across worm, mollusk and fish-hunting cone snails. We propose that defensive toxins, originally evolved in ancestral worm-hunting cone snails to protect against cephalopod and fish predation, have been repurposed in predatory venoms to facilitate diversification to fish and mollusk diets.
journal_name
Nat Communjournal_title
Nature communicationsauthors
Dutertre S,Jin AH,Vetter I,Hamilton B,Sunagar K,Lavergne V,Dutertre V,Fry BG,Antunes A,Venter DJ,Alewood PF,Lewis RJdoi
10.1038/ncomms4521subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-03-24 00:00:00pages
3521issn
2041-1723pii
ncomms4521journal_volume
5pub_type
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