Abstract：
:Understanding the principles of cross-training and periodization will assist the coach and team physician in designing training programs that maximize performance while minimizing risk of injury. Cross-training is defined as simultaneous training for two or more sports or the use of multiple modes of training to enhance performance in one particular sport. This manuscript will review the benefits of three commonly used forms of cross training, deep water running, cycling and swimming, on running, training and performance. Periodization refers to the process of designing a progressive and appropriate training plan in order to optimize performance, yet minimize injury related to overtraining. The main structural components for periodization are macrocycles, mesocycles and microcycles. Physiological determinants for distance running performance, including VO2 max, lactate threshold and running economy, are presented as key components for the design of endurance training programs. Training intensity can be prescribed or monitored using running speed, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The clinician must often make recommendations regarding the appropriate level of training or offer an alternative. By understanding the principles of cross-training and periodization, the clinician can assist the coach or athlete in preventing injury as well as assisting the attainment of peak performance.
journal_name
J Back Musculoskelet Rehabiljournal_title
Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitationauthors
Brennan DK,Wilder RPdoi
10.3233/BMR-1996-6106subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-01-01 00:00:00pages
49-58issue
1eissn
1053-8127issn
1878-6324pii
0P79MW3677805G24journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章abstract：OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to compare the biochemical parameters of the urine and blood in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and healthy subjects. METHODS:Thirty male patients with SCI were enrolled. Biochemical features of the urine and blood of the SCI patients were compared to healthy subjects. Extracted s...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-169747
更新日期：2017-09-22 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Exercise of the spinal muscles is recommended for a variety of rehabilitative reasons but it is not always clear whether interventions are effective in improving the performance of the muscles or whether their benefit is elicited via other mechanisms. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of an exercise interven...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-150337
更新日期：2017-08-03 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the efficacy of High Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in low back pain (LBP). METHODS:Forty patients aged between 18 to 60 were included in this study. The patients were randomized into two groups as TENS (Group I) and HILT (Group II). The s...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.3233/BMR-181199
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Femoral nerve injury is not a common complication of the abdominopelvic surgical procedures. OBJECTIVE:To present a case of femoral neuropathy after nephrectomy. METHODS:Case report. RESULTS:A 71-year-old female patient with a right-sided congenital hip dysplasia developed numbness, tingling and burning p...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-140566
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Comparing the distal sensory latencies of median and ulnar nerve over wrist-to-ring finger (RF) segment is a sensitive conduction parameter in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). However to the best of our knowledge, there is not any research questioning whether the RF studies are useful in gradin...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-150631
更新日期：2016-04-27 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To compare the short-term effect of prolotherapy and conservative terapy for the Tietze syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS:From 2013 to 2014, twenty-one patients underwent prolotherapy (group 1) and thirteen underwent conservative therapy with analgesics (group 2). A visual analogue score (VAS) was recorded for me...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-159269
更新日期：2017-09-22 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Many studies report a relationship between poor static posture (SP) and low back pain (LBP). This study examined the effects of a biofeedback postural training program on pre-existing LBP, changes to level of physical activity and workability in participants. OBJECTIVE:To determine if static posture trainin...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-171071
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Lumbar degenerative kyphosis (LDK) is characterized by sagittal imbalance resulting from degenerative loss of lumbar lordosis. The ability of transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to activate deep lumbar stabilizing muscles has been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to e...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-169638
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Co-existing depressive symptoms aggravate the chronic course of pain and may interfere with successful rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE:To examine the psychosocial rehabilitation success of a standard rehabilitation program with a supplemental cognitive-behavioral management training of depressive s...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-140489
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rhythmic masticatory muscle activities are probably part of normal jaw motor behavior. Certain factors, like disease, stress, personality, alcohol, and medication, may turn this normal activity into a condition that might include abnormal tooth wear, myofascial pain, and temporomandibular joint problems. This conditio...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-1996-6207
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Tension tests or neurodynamic techniques assess the mobility of the peripheral nerves and provide a guide for planning and managing physiotherapy treatments of entrapment syndromes such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). One of the upper limb tension tests (ULTT) is ULTT1 that evaluates the effic...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-2012-0330
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An increasing number of physicians from a variety of disciplines are specializing in the treatment of patients with pain, and reporting treatment success using disparate interventions. Due to the lack of standardized evaluations of patients with pain, however, it has been impossible to reasonably assess the claims of ...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-1997-8204
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Cranio-cervical flexion exercise (CCFE) is a representative exercise that activates the deep muscles of neck pain patients. However, there is a lack of studies that propose specific exercise methods to examine the more effective activity level of the deep cervical flexor. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this stu...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-170860
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Morel-Lavallée Lesion (MLL) of the knee is an uncommon cause of knee swelling usually due to high-energy impact or in patients on anticoagulation. MLL of the knee due to low-energy non-athletic associated trauma in patients without antithrombotic therapy is rare. Early diagnosis can be achieved...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-200041
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) have pain, disability, and decreased functional capacity, however, the association is still unknown. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to examine the association between pain, disability, and functional capacity in patients with CNSLBP. METHODS:Thirty part...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-200168
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Latent myofascial trigger point (LMTP) is a small hypersensitive area in skeletal muscles that becomes painful under compression or stimulation. LMTPs are relevant for various musculoskeletal disorders. Although several treatments have been introduced to treat LMTP, the most efficient one is yet to be found....
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.3233/BMR-181302
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA) is associated with pain and decreased self-reported function. The impact of PFOA on actual physical performance is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of PFOA on physical performance and pain. METHODS:Eight participants aged 40-65 years with bilateral...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-140525
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of primary knee osteoarthritis on the risk of falling. MATERIALS AND METHODS:One hundred participants (50 with knee osteoarthritis and 50 healthy controls) were included in this study. Primary knee osteoarthritis was diagnosed according to the American Col...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-150413
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Contrary to static and dynamic balance, there is a lack of scientific evidence on the training induced changes in reactive balance control in response to unexpected perturbations in overweight and obese individuals. OBJECTIVE:This study evaluates the effect of 3 months of resistance and aerobic training pro...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-160585
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rapid, thorough and cost effective radiologic evaluation of the traumatized spine can be performed through a tailored sequential approach. The radiologic evaluation is performed in conjunction with clinical management, and therefore communication between clinical and radiological services is essential. Judicious use o...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-1995-5212
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:It is unclear whether bone quality associates with severity and prognosis of back pain. OBJECTIVES:To investigate the association between bone quality and back pain severity at baseline, and whether low bone quality is a prognostic factor for persistent back pain in patients aged over 55 years at 1-year fol...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-170961
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There is a growing need to identify patient pre-treatment characteristics that could predict adherence and outcome following specific interventions. OBJECTIVE:To identify predictors of adherence and outcome to outpatient multimodal rehabilitation in chronic low back pain (CLBP). METHODS:A total of 273 CLBP...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-181125
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Psychosocial risk factors are very important in the development of chronicity in low back pain. And Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire (ÖMPQ) is the screening instrument concerning these psychosocial and work-related risk factors in patients with low back pain. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of the study was ...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-150609
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Cervicogenic headache (CGH) originated from impaired cervical musculoskeletal structures. Dysfunction of deep neck flexor muscles has been reported in CGH subjects. The purpose of this study was to assess relationship between the size of these muscles and headache laterality in CGH subjects. ...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-140532
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Bone scintigraphy is a molecular imaging technique routinely used for the evaluation of benign and malignant bone abnormalities. This study aimed at evaluating spinal degenerative changes detected by bone scintigraphy and determining associations between image features and patients’ anthropome...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-140479
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to show the effects of an 8-week Neurodevelopmental Treatment based posture and balance training on postural control and balance in diparetic and hemiparetic Cerebral Palsied children (CPC). METHODS:Fifteen CPC (aged 5-15 yrs) were recruited from Denizli Yağmur Çocukl...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-170813
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article deals with the problems associated with the spine in an aging athletic person or in an elderly person who may be interested in starting a sports activity. The anatomy and pathophysiology of the spine as regards aging is discussed, as are common diagnostic tests and physical examination procedures. Specifi...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-1995-5109
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There have been a number of recent studies showing the effectiveness of lumbosacral transforaminal steroid epidural injections used in the treatment of radicular pain. The studies include retrospective, prospective and randomized controlled studies. Thus, the data is valuable with regard to identifying evide...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3233/BMR-2011-0279
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Most methods assessing soft tissue stiffness are associated with high costs and considerable technical effort. A previous study demonstrated that the tissue compliance meter represents an affordable alternative with straightforward handling. However, little data exists describing its measurement properties. ...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-170871
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Current evidence suggests that lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) is an effective treatment for lumbosacral radicular pain. However, practitioners may be reluctant to attempt this intervention in obese patients because of a perceived reduction in the chance of provid...
journal_title：Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3233/BMR-130366
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
