Abstract：
:Completing a marathon (42.2 km) is one of the more challenging sports activities. Besides the distance, the ambient conditions of the race (altitude, temperature, etc) can increase the physiological demands of the event. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between the altitude of the city in which the marathon is held and the marathon race time. For this purpose, we sought the race times of 16 popular marathons performed at different altitudes above sea level (range from ≈0 to 2800 meters above sea level). In these competitions, we analyzed the race times of the female and male runners who finished from 21(st) to 100(th) position. We excluded the top 20 male and female finishers from the analysis because elite athletes usually compete in marathons held at low altitudes above sea level. Ambient temperature, the positive cumulative elevation gain, and the number of participants were used as control variables. Finishing time in the marathon was positively correlated with the altitude of the competition for both male (r=0.78; p<0.05) and female participants (r=0.73; p<0.05). On average, each increase of 1000 meters above sea level augmented marathon race time by 10.8±0.6% in men and 12.3±0.7% in women. Compared to race times in the Rotterdam marathon (held at 0 meters above sea level), the time taken to complete the marathon was significantly higher in competitions held at an altitude of over 700 meters. In conclusion, the time taken to complete a marathon strongly depends on the altitude of the city in which the marathon is held. Selecting marathon competitions close to 0 m above sea level is a good strategy to maximize marathon performance.
journal_name
High Alt Med Bioljournal_title
High altitude medicine & biologyauthors
Lara B,Salinero JJ,Del Coso Jdoi
10.1089/ham.2013.1060subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-04-01 00:00:00pages
64-9issue
1eissn
1527-0297issn
1557-8682journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The purpose of this study was to elucidate the magnitude and the time course of ventilatory changes resulting from a repeated series of hypoxic exposures. Eight healthy males participated in the present study. The subjects spent 1 h/day in normobaric hypoxia (12% inspired oxygen). Inspired minute ventilation (V(I)), e...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2005.6.50
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wang, Xing-Min, Hui Liu, Jian-Yu Li, Jin-Xia Wei, Xia Li, Yong-Liang Zhang, Ling-Zhi Li, and Xi-Zheng Zhang. Rosamultin attenuates acute hypobaric hypoxia-induced bone injuries by regulation of sclerostin and its downstream signals. High Alt Med Biol. 21:273-286, 2020. Background: ...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2019.0113
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：: Aims: Psychotic symptoms during exposure to high altitude (HA) have been linked to accidents or near accidents on the mountains. It is thus of great importance to directly identify psychotic symptoms in individuals who are exposed to HA quickly and reliably on the mountain...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2019.0009
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transient focal neurological deficits have been described in sojourners to high altitude. We present two cases of transient expressive aphasia in well-acclimatized high altitude climbers. We speculate that this type of transient focal neurological impairment may represent migraine aura, and we discuss other reports of...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/15270290050144208
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Climbers who have suffered a previous episode of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) are at significantly increased risk of developing it again on return to high altitude. In spite of the high mortality associated with HAPE, some climbers are willing to take this risk in order to summit the tallest mountains in the w...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2008.1094
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alarcón-Yaquetto, Dulce E., Lidia Caballero, and Gustavo F. Gonzales. Association between plasma N-acylethanolamides and high hemoglobin concentration in Southern Peruvian highlanders. High Alt Med Biol 18:322-329, 2017.-High-altitude (HA) hypoxia is a stressful condition endured by organisms through different mechani...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2016.0148
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The efficacy and safety of intermittent hypoxia training (IHT) were investigated in healthy, 60- to 74-yr-old men. Fourteen men (Gr 1) who routinely exercised daily for 20 to 30 min were compared with 21 (Gr 2) who avoided exercise. Their submaximal work-load power values before the IHT training were 94 +/- 3.7 and 66...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2007.1053
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Swiss expedition to Everest (altitude 8,848 m) in the spring of 1952 very nearly attained the summit with two of the climbers reaching 8,595 m. This would have been the first ascent of Everest. One main reason for failure was the inadequate oxygen equipment which was modified from sets designed for mine rescue usi...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1089/152702903321488960
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the first ascent of Mont Blanc by Jacques Balmat and Dr. Michel-Gabriel Paccard in 1786, numerous scientific events have taken place on the highest peak of Europe. Horace Benédict de Saussure, since his first ascent in 1787, made numerous observations on barometric pressure, temperature, geology, and mountain si...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1089/152702901750067936
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute altitude exposure may lead to acute mountain sickness (AMS). Increased awareness of altitude-related health hazards in trekkers may accompany a decrease in AMS prevalence. We compared awareness and AMS prevalence in trekkers in two cohorts on an altitude trek up to 5400 m and assessed risk factors for AMS by rep...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2004.5.410
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：: Background: Perfusion of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) is increased during exercise and in hypoxia and is associated with variations in oxygen saturation (SPO2), resulting in blood bypassing the pulmonary microcirculation. Sildenafil is a pulmonary vasod...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1089/ham.2019.0051
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) each occur rarely in Tibetans, and they have previously not been reported in the same person. Here we describe a 37-year-old native Tibetan man with CMS at 4300 m, who developed HAPE after his return home from a 12-day visit to sea level. Possibl...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/1527029041352081
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thiersch, Markus, and Erik R. Swenson. High altitude and cancer mortality. High Alt Med Biol 19:116-123, 2018.-Humans living at high altitude (HA) are exposed to chronic (hypobaric) hypoxia. Despite the permanent stress of hypoxic exposure, humans populating HA areas have reduced cancer mortality over a broad spectrum...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1089/ham.2017.0061
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe the case of a 38-year-old man who presented with bilateral retinal detachments following a trek in Tibet during which time he took acetazolamide for prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness (AMS). This is the first time that retinal detachment has been described following a sojourn to high altitude. Acetazol...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2007.1026
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of exposure to acute and chronic high altitude hypoxia on the activity and expression of CYP2E1 and CYP3A1 were examined in rats. Rats were divided into low altitude (LA, 400 m), acute moderate altitude hypoxia (AMH, 2800 m), chronic moderate altitude hypoxia (CMH, 2800 m), acute high altitude hypoxia (AHH...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2014.1026
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic hypoxia has a profound effect on uterine artery adaptation to pregnancy. The present studies tested the hypothesis that pregnant kinase C (PKC) differentially regulates alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions and Ca(2+) sensitivity in the uterine arteries of nonpregnant and pregnant sheep acclimatized to h...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2009.1076
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypoxemia is a major life-threatening complication of childhood pneumonia. The threshold points for hypoxemia vary with altitude. However, few published data describe that normal range of variation. The purpose of this study was to establish reference values of normal mean Sao(2) levels and an approximate cutoff point...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2009.1094
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study reports the possible role of oxidative stress and inflammation (role of nuclear factor, NFkB) in hypoxia-induced transvascular leakage in brain of rats. The rats were exposed to a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft for different durations: 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48h. Brain water content, transvascular lea...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2009.1057
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gou, Qiling, Rufeng Shi, Xin Zhang, Qingtao Meng, Xinran Li, Xi Rong, Zhabu Gawa, Nage Zhuoma, and Xiaoping Chen. The prevalence and risk factors of high-altitude pulmonary hypertension among native Tibetans in Sichuan Province, China. High Alt Med Biol. 21:327-335, 2020. Background: ...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2020.0022
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Van Iterson, Erik H., Eric M. Snyder, and Bruce D. Johnson. The influence of 17 hours of normobaric hypoxia on parallel adjustments in exhaled nitric oxide and airway function in lowland healthy adults. High Alt Med Biol. 18:1-10, 2017.-Currently, there is a disparate understanding of the role that normobaric hypoxia ...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2016.0086
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil has been reported to improve hypoxic exercise capacity, but the mechanisms accounting for this observation remain incompletely understood. Sixteen healthy subjects were included in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study on the effects of 50-mg sild...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1089/ham.2007.1058
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIMS:Published incidences of acute mountain sickness (AMS) vary widely. Reasons for this variation, and predictive factors of AMS, are not well understood. We aimed to identify predictive factors that are associated with the occurrence of AMS, and to test the hypothesis that study design is an independent predictive fa...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1089/ham.2015.0022
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:High altitude (HA) presents inhospitable environmental conditions that adversely affects human physiology and metabolism. Changes in physiological functions are reported during high altitude exposure, but the changes vary with physical state, culture habits, geographical locations, and genetic variation of individual....
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2012.1071
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The male reproductive functions of the members of the Masherbrum (7821 m) Expedition in 1999 were examined via semen analyses and endocrine tests. Specimens were collected from three subjects who had stayed above 5100 m for 21 to 24 days and above 6700 m for 4 to 5 days before departure and 1 month, 3 months, and 2 yr...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1089/152702903769192304
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ultrasonography is a noninvasive, reliable, repeatable, and inexpensive technology that has dramatically changed the practice of medicine. The clinical use of portable ultrasound devices has grown tremendously over the last 10 years in the fields of intensive care, emergency medicine, and anesthesiology. In this revie...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1089/ham.2018.0121
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:High altitude-induced gastrointestinal (GI) problems are potentially life-threatening. GI tract bleeding and inflammation are the major problems induced by hypobaric hypoxia (HH). In this study, effects of acute exposure to HH up to 14 days at 7620 m on GI immune function have been studied. To fulfill these objectives...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2018.0031
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a prevalent disorder that confers substantial cardiovascular morbidity and, in serious cases, death. VTE has a complex and incompletely understood etiopathogenesis with genetic, acquired, and environmental risk factors. As the focu...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1089/ham.2019.0049
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The influence of oxygen pressure on placental and villous vascular development is reviewed and considered relative to the natural experiment afforded by residence at high altitude. Data obtained from normal high altitude pregnancies are compared with those from IUGR and preeclampsia, conditions believed to be caused b...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1089/152702903322022785
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Li, Zongbin, Jun Guo, Chunwei Liu, Yajun Shi, Yang Li, Jinli Wang, Dandan Li, Jing Wang, and Yundai Chen. Compound Danshen Dripping Pill promotes adaptation to acute high-altitude exposure. High Alt Med Biol. 21:258-264, 2020. Background: In this study, we aimed to investi...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2019.0126
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:West, John B. Are permanent residents of high altitude fully adapted to their hypoxic environment? High Alt Med Biol. 18:135-139, 2017.-Millions of people live permanently at high altitude and many have been there for generations. It is sometimes claimed that these people have completely adapted to their environment, ...
journal_title：High altitude medicine & biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1089/ham.2016.0152
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
