Abstract:
:The increase in spatiotemporal resolution of neuroimaging devices is accompanied by a trend towards more powerful multivariate analysis methods. Often it is desired to interpret the outcome of these methods with respect to the cognitive processes under study. Here we discuss which methods allow for such interpretations, and provide guidelines for choosing an appropriate analysis for a given experimental goal: For a surgeon who needs to decide where to remove brain tissue it is most important to determine the origin of cognitive functions and associated neural processes. In contrast, when communicating with paralyzed or comatose patients via brain-computer interfaces, it is most important to accurately extract the neural processes specific to a certain mental state. These equally important but complementary objectives require different analysis methods. Determining the origin of neural processes in time or space from the parameters of a data-driven model requires what we call a forward model of the data; such a model explains how the measured data was generated from the neural sources. Examples are general linear models (GLMs). Methods for the extraction of neural information from data can be considered as backward models, as they attempt to reverse the data generating process. Examples are multivariate classifiers. Here we demonstrate that the parameters of forward models are neurophysiologically interpretable in the sense that significant nonzero weights are only observed at channels the activity of which is related to the brain process under study. In contrast, the interpretation of backward model parameters can lead to wrong conclusions regarding the spatial or temporal origin of the neural signals of interest, since significant nonzero weights may also be observed at channels the activity of which is statistically independent of the brain process under study. As a remedy for the linear case, we propose a procedure for transforming backward models into forward models. This procedure enables the neurophysiological interpretation of the parameters of linear backward models. We hope that this work raises awareness for an often encountered problem and provides a theoretical basis for conducting better interpretable multivariate neuroimaging analyses.
journal_name
Neuroimagejournal_title
NeuroImageauthors
Haufe S,Meinecke F,Görgen K,Dähne S,Haynes JD,Blankertz B,Bießmann Fdoi
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.067subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-02-15 00:00:00pages
96-110eissn
1053-8119issn
1095-9572pii
S1053-8119(13)01091-4journal_volume
87pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NEUROIMAGE文献大全abstract::Some individuals are more distracted by pain during a cognitive task than others, representing poor pain coping. We have characterized individuals as A-type (attention dominates) or P-type (pain dominates) based on how pain interferes with task speed. The ability to optimize behavior during pain may relate to the flex...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.005
更新日期:2017-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::White matter (WM) continues to mature through adolescence in parallel with gains in cognitive ability. To date, developmental changes in human WM microstructure have been inferred using analyses of cross-sectional or two time-point follow-up studies, limiting our understanding of individual developmental trajectories....
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.044
更新日期:2014-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of age on functional connectivity (FC) of intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) have largely been derived from cross-sectional studies. Far less is known about longitudinal changes in FC and how they relate to ageing-related cognitive decline. We evaluated intra- and inter-network FC in 78 healthy older a...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.029
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sulcal pits, the locally deepest points in sulci of the highly convoluted and variable cerebral cortex, are found to be spatially consistent across human adult individuals. It is suggested that sulcal pits are genetically controlled and have close relationships with functional areas. To date, the existing imaging stud...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.004
更新日期:2014-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Cerebral hypoperfusion elevates the risk of brain white matter (WM) lesions and cognitive impairment. Central artery stiffness impairs baroreflex, which controls systemic arterial perfusion, and may deteriorate neuronal fiber integrity of brain WM. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations among brain ...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.041
更新日期:2015-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::During auditory perception, we are required to abstract information from complex temporal sequences such as those in music and speech. Here, we investigated how higher-order statistics modulate the neural responses to sound sequences, hypothesizing that these modulations are associated with higher levels of the peri-S...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.038
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Theoretical frameworks such as predictive coding suggest that the perception of the body and world - interoception and exteroception - involve intertwined processes of inference, learning, and prediction. In this framework, attention is thought to gate the influence of sensory information on perception. In contrast to...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.037
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We used positron emission tomography (PET) to examine within-day learning of timed motor sequences. The results of this experiment are novel in showing an interaction between cerebellum and primary motor cortex (M1) during learning that appears to be mediated by the dentate nucleus (DN) and in demonstrating that activ...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.041
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cognitive decline in normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease (AD) emerges from functional disruption in the coordination of large-scale brain systems sustaining cognition. Integrity of these systems can be examined by correlation methods based on analysis of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). He...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.003
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::ACT-R (Anderson, J.R., et al., 2003. An information-processing model of the BOLD response in symbol manipulation tasks. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 10, 241-261) relates the inferior dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex to a retrieval buffer that holds information retrieved from memory and the posterior parietal cortex to an imagin...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.001
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitative measurement of brain size, shape, and temporal change (for example, in order to estimate atrophy) is increasingly important in biomedical image analysis applications. New methods of structural analysis attempt to improve robustness, accuracy, and extent of automation. A fully automated method of longitudi...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1040
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methylphenidate (MPH) is a stimulant drug that amplifies dopamineric and noradrenergic signaling in the brain, which is believed to underlie its cognition enhancing effects. However, the neurobiological effects by which MPH improves cognition are still poorly understood. Here, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fM...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.060
更新日期:2011-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::Gratitude is a common aspect of social interaction, yet relatively little is known about the neural bases of gratitude expression, nor how gratitude expression may lead to longer-term effects on brain activity. To address these twin issues, we recruited subjects who coincidentally were entering psychotherapy for depre...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.040
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Investigating human brain function non-invasively by simultaneous EEG and fMRI measurements is gaining in popularity as more and better solutions to the inherent technical challenges emerge. We demonstrate the use of a commercially available frequency divider and phase-locking device for the purpose of synchronizing a...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.231
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are frequently divided into periventricular (PWMH) and deep (DWMH), and the two classes have been associated with different cognitive, microstructural, and clinical correlates. However, although this distinction is widely used in visual ratings scales, how to best anatomically defin...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.024
更新日期:2018-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::In humans, each hemisphere comprises an overlay of two visuotopic maps of the contralateral visual field, one from each eye. Is the capacity of the visual cortex limited to these two maps or are plastic mechanisms available to host more maps? We determined the cortical organization of the visual field maps in a rare i...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116822
更新日期:2020-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::There is a widespread interest in applying pattern recognition methods to anatomical neuroimaging data, but so far, there has been relatively little investigation into how best to derive image features in order to make the most accurate predictions. In this work, a Gaussian Process machine learning approach was used f...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.065
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reach-to-eat task involves a sequence of action components including looking, reaching, grasping, and feeding. While cortical representations of individual action components have been mapped in human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, little is known about the continuous spatiotemporal dynamics ...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.028
更新日期:2019-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Is there specialization for visual word recognition within the visual ventral stream of literate human adults? We review the evidence for a specialized "visual word form area" and critically examine some of the arguments recently placed against this hypothesis. Three distinct forms of specialization must be distinguis...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.049
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) has received much recent attention, since it potentially offers a new tool for neuroscientists that makes simultaneous use of the strengths of the two modalities. However, EEG data collected in such experiments suffer from...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.067
更新日期:2005-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Fear protects organisms by increasing vigilance and preparedness, and by coordinating survival responses during life-threatening encounters. The fear circuit must thus operate on multiple timescales ranging from preparatory sustained alertness to acute fight-or-flight responses. Here we studied the brain basis of sust...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116522
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spontaneous activity of the brain at rest frequently has been considered a mere backdrop to the salient activity evoked by external stimuli or tasks. However, the resting state of the brain consumes most of its energy budget, which suggests a far more important role. An intriguing hint comes from experimental observat...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.024
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dynamics of the brain's intrinsic networks have been recently studied using co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis. The CAP method relies on few model assumptions and CAP-based measurements provide quantitative information of network temporal dynamics. One limitation of existing CAP-related methods is that the compu...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.019
更新日期:2018-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::Race disparities in behavior may emerge in several ways, some of which may be independent of implicit bias. To mitigate the pernicious effects of different race disparities for racial minorities, we must understand whether they are rooted in perceptual, affective, or cognitive processing with regard to race perception...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.043
更新日期:2016-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::MRI at 3 T has increased sensitivity in detecting overt multiple sclerosis (MS) brain lesions; a growing body of data suggests clinically relevant damage occurs in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM). We tested a novel pulse sequence to determine whether 3 T MRI spin-spin relaxometry detected damage in NAWM of MS...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.001
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brain imaging studies in TEP, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) have shown that visuospatial short-term memory tasks depend on dorsal parietofrontal networks. Knowing the spatiotemporal dynamics of this network would provide further understanding of the neural bases of the e...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.10.052
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neural networks for the processing of appetitive and aversive information, in isolation, have been well characterized. However, how the brain integrates competing signals associated with simultaneous appetitive and aversive information is less clear. In particular, it is unknown how the presence of concurrent reward m...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116890
更新日期:2020-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Recent event-related FMRI studies indicate that the prefrontal (PFC) and the medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions are more active during effective encoding than during ineffective encoding. The within-subject design and the use of well-educated young college students in these studies makes it important to replicate thes...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0446
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breathing rate and depth influence the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, altering cerebral blood flow and thus functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals. Such respiratory fluctuations can have substantial influence in studies of fMRI signal covariance in subjects at rest, the so-called "resting ...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116234
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Flat mapping based cortical surface registration constrained by manually traced sulcal curves has been widely used for inter subject comparisons of neuroanatomical data. Even for an experienced neuroanatomist, manual sulcal tracing can be quite time consuming, with the cost increasing with the number of sulcal curves ...
journal_title:NeuroImage
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.064
更新日期:2010-04-15 00:00:00