Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells.

abstract：:Over half of the inherited predisposition to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus maps to the region of chromosome 6 that contains the highly polymorphic HLA class II genes which determine immune responsiveness. Analysis of DNA sequences from diabetics indicates that alleles of HLA-DQ beta determine both disease suscep...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Todd JA,Bell JI,McDevitt HO

更新日期：1987-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The evolutionary history of extant hominoids (humans and apes) remains poorly understood. The African fossil record during the crucial time period, the Miocene epoch, largely comprises isolated jaws and teeth, and little is known about ape cranial evolution. Here we report on the, to our knowledge, most complete fossi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Nengo I,Tafforeau P,Gilbert CC,Fleagle JG,Miller ER,Feibel C,Fox DL,Feinberg J,Pugh KD,Berruyer C,Mana S,Engle Z,Spoor F

更新日期：2017-08-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Collagen fibrils have been extensively studied by electron microscopy, but only scant evidence has yet been obtained about their transverse structure. A transverse pediodicity of about 40 or 80 A might be expected if the microfibril model (until recently the common preference) is correct, but little direct evidence fo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Squire JM,Freundlich A

更新日期：1980-11-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) require large quantities of copper for the membrane-bound (particulate) methane monooxygenase. Certain methanotrophs are also able to switch to using the iron-containing soluble methane monooxygenase to catalyse methane oxidation, with this switchover regulated by copper. Met...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Vita N,Platsaki S,Baslé A,Allen SJ,Paterson NG,Crombie AT,Murrell JC,Waldron KJ,Dennison C

更新日期：2015-09-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Remodelling its shape, or morphogenesis, is a fundamental property of living tissue. It underlies much of embryonic development and numerous pathologies. Convergent extension (CE) of the axial mesoderm of vertebrates is an intensively studied model for morphogenetic processes that rely on cell rearrangement. It involv...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ninomiya H,Elinson RP,Winklbauer R

更新日期：2004-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Stereopsis is the perception of depth based on small positional differences between images formed on the two retinae (known as binocular disparity). Neurons that respond selectively to binocular disparity were first described three decades ago, and have since been observed in many visual areas of the primate brain, in...

journal_title：Nature

authors： DeAngelis GC,Cumming BG,Newsome WT

更新日期：1998-08-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Climate strongly affects the production of sediment from mountain catchments as well as its transport and deposition within adjacent sedimentary basins. However, identifying climatic influences on basin stratigraphy is complicated by nonlinearities, feedback loops, lag times, buffering and convergence among processes ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Foreman BZ,Heller PL,Clementz MT

更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rapidly advancing knowledge of genome structure and sequence enables new means for the analysis of specific DNA changes associated with the differences between the human brain and that of other mammals. Recent studies implicate evolutionary changes in messenger RNA and protein expression levels, as well as DNA changes...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hill RS,Walsh CA

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The commitment of non-dividing cells (in G0) to enter division can be studied using primary cultures of lymphocytes. The cells are stable in G0 unless stimulated by mitogen such as concanavalin A (Con A). Commitment to enter the division cycle depends on the expression of gene(s) induced by Con A and the synthesis of ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Milner J

更新日期：1984-07-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) mega-enzyme complexes are modular assembly lines that are involved in the biosynthesis of numerous peptide metabolites independently of the ribosome. The multiple interactions between catalytic domains within the NRPS machinery are further complemented by additional interactions...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Haslinger K,Peschke M,Brieke C,Maximowitsch E,Cryle MJ

更新日期：2015-05-07 00:00:00

abstract：: ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lewis-Jones H

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only a very small fraction of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are well characterized. The evolutionary history of lncRNAs can provide insights into their functionality, but the absence of lncRNA annotations in non-model organisms has precluded comparative analyses. Here we present a large-scale evolutionary study of lnc...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Necsulea A,Soumillon M,Warnefors M,Liechti A,Daish T,Zeller U,Baker JC,Grützner F,Kaessmann H

更新日期：2014-01-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Classical endocrine studies have shown that steroid hormones are required for the maintenance of pregnancy and placental viability. The oestrogen-receptor-related receptor beta (ERR-beta) is an orphan member of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. Although ERR-beta is homologous to the oestrogen receptor and ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Luo J,Sladek R,Bader JA,Matthyssen A,Rossant J,Giguère V

更新日期：1997-08-21 00:00:00

abstract：:During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to form a new embryo. Eggs develop from oocytes in a process called meiosis. Meiosis in human oocytes is highly error-prone, and defective eggs are the leading cause of pregnancy loss and several genetic disorders such as Down's syndrome. Which genes safeguard accurate pro...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Pfender S,Kuznetsov V,Pasternak M,Tischer T,Santhanam B,Schuh M

更新日期：2015-08-13 00:00:00

abstract：:A major effect of insulin is to increase glucose transport in muscle and fat. A family of genes encoding distinct mammalian glucose transporters has recently been elucidated. One of these, the insulin-regulatable glucose transporter (IRGT), is primarily expressed in muscle and fat, tissues that exhibit insulin-depende...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Slot JW,Moxley R,Geuze HJ,James DE

更新日期：1990-07-26 00:00:00

abstract：:We have followed individual ribosomes as they translate single messenger RNA hairpins tethered by the ends to optical tweezers. Here we reveal that translation occurs through successive translocation--and-pause cycles. The distribution of pause lengths, with a median of 2.8 s, indicates that at least two rate-determin...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wen JD,Lancaster L,Hodges C,Zeri AC,Yoshimura SH,Noller HF,Bustamante C,Tinoco I

更新日期：2008-04-03 00:00:00

abstract：:c-Abl, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is activated by agents that damage DNA. This activation results in either arrest of the cell cycle in phase G1 or apoptotic cell death, both of which are dependent on the kinase activity of c-Abl. p73, a member of the p53 family of tumour-suppressor proteins, can also induce apop...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Agami R,Blandino G,Oren M,Shaul Y

更新日期：1999-06-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The distribution of geochemical species in the Earth's interior is largely controlled by fractional melting and crystallization processes that are intimately linked to the thermal state and evolution of the mantle. The existence of patches of dense partial melt at the base of the Earth's mantle, together with estimate...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Labrosse S,Hernlund JW,Coltice N

更新日期：2007-12-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. Its cause is unknown and it is uniformly fatal, typically within five years. About 10% of cases are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, with high penetrance after the sixth decade. In most in...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rosen DR,Siddique T,Patterson D,Figlewicz DA,Sapp P,Hentati A,Donaldson D,Goto J,O'Regan JP,Deng HX

更新日期：1993-03-04 00:00:00

abstract：:ATP is the dominant energy source in animals for mechanical and electrical work (for example, muscle contraction or neuronal firing). For chemical work, there is an equally important role for NADPH, which powers redox defence and reductive biosynthesis. The most direct route to produce NADPH from glucose is the oxidat...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Fan J,Ye J,Kamphorst JJ,Shlomi T,Thompson CB,Rabinowitz JD

更新日期：2014-06-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell surface molecules have been implicated in cell interactions which underlie formation of the nervous system. The analysis of the functional properties of such molecules has profited from the combined use of antibodies and cell culture systems. It has been suggested that the interplay between these molecules modula...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kruse J,Mailhammer R,Wernecke H,Faissner A,Sommer I,Goridis C,Schachner M

更新日期：1984-09-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Transposable elements from prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are discrete DNA segments bounded by inverted or directly repeated sequences that insert into non-homologous DNA in a reaction that is independent of the general recombination functions of the host. The mechanisms proposed generally involve a staggered do...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Murphy E,Löfdahl S

更新日期：1984-01-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Modification of tyrosine residues of proteins has attracted great interest. Although phosphorylation has received most attention, tyrosine-O-sulphation is also common and has been closely investigated in the hormones gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK regulates pancreatic enzyme secretion. It is always sulphated a...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Brand SJ,Andersen BN,Rehfeld JF

更新日期：1984-05-31 00:00:00

abstract：:In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans six hypodermal cells, the vulval precursor cells, are each competent to generate vulval cells. Normally only the three nearest precursor cells to the uterine anchor cell generate the vulva (22 nuclei), while the three others fuse with the non-specialized hypodermal syncytium (hyp...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Herman RK,Hedgecock EM

更新日期：1990-11-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The theoretical maximum tensile strain--that is, elongation--of a single-walled carbon nanotube is almost 20%, but in practice only 6% is achieved. Here we show that, at high temperatures, individual single-walled carbon nanotubes can undergo superplastic deformation, becoming nearly 280% longer and 15 times narrower ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Huang JY,Chen S,Wang ZQ,Kempa K,Wang YM,Jo SH,Chen G,Dresselhaus MS,Ren ZF

更新日期：2006-01-19 00:00:00

abstract：:A paramutation is an epigenetic interaction between two alleles of a locus, through which one allele induces a heritable modification in the other allele without modifying the DNA sequence. The paramutated allele itself becomes paramutagenic, that is, capable of epigenetically converting a new paramutable allele. Here...

journal_title：Nature

authors： de Vanssay A,Bougé AL,Boivin A,Hermant C,Teysset L,Delmarre V,Antoniewski C,Ronsseray S

更新日期：2012-10-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Compartments in food webs are subgroups of taxa in which many strong interactions occur within the subgroups and few weak interactions occur between the subgroups. Theoretically, compartments increase the stability in networks, such as food webs. Compartments have been difficult to detect in empirical food webs becaus...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Krause AE,Frank KA,Mason DM,Ulanowicz RE,Taylor WW

更新日期：2003-11-20 00:00:00

abstract：:(S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate ((S)-2-HPP) epoxidase (HppE) is a mononuclear non-haem-iron-dependent enzyme responsible for the final step in the biosynthesis of the clinically useful antibiotic fosfomycin. Enzymes of this class typically catalyse oxygenation reactions that proceed via the formation of substrate radic...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chang WC,Dey M,Liu P,Mansoorabadi SO,Moon SJ,Zhao ZK,Drennan CL,Liu HW

更新日期：2013-04-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Somatic hypermutation introduces point mutations into immunoglobulin genes in germinal centre B cells during an immune response. The reaction is initiated by cytosine deamination by the activation-induced deaminase (AID) and completed by error-prone processing of the resulting uracils by mismatch and base excision rep...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Liu M,Duke JL,Richter DJ,Vinuesa CG,Goodnow CC,Kleinstein SH,Schatz DG

更新日期：2008-02-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Environmental change is rapidly accelerating, and many species will need to adapt to survive1. Ensuring that protected areas cover populations across a broad range of environmental conditions could safeguard the processes that lead to such adaptations1-3. However, international conservation policies have largely negle...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hanson JO,Rhodes JR,Butchart SHM,Buchanan GM,Rondinini C,Ficetola GF,Fuller RA

更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00