Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Somatization is a multisomatoform disorder characterized by medically unexplained, functional or psychosomatic symptoms. Similar somatic symptoms are key components of depression and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). METHODS:This paper reviews the evidence that such symptoms are organically based. We use the term "physio-somatic" to describe these symptoms. RESULTS:Inflammation, cell-mediated immune (CMI) activation and alterations in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway are associated with the physio-somatic symptoms of depression, ME/CFS and/or somatization. Proinflammatory cytokines, decreased tryptophan and aberrations in TRYCATs may cause physio-somatic symptoms, such as fatigue, autonomic symptoms, hyperalgesia and somatic presentations. CONCLUSIONS:The data suggest co-ordinated and interacting biological pathways driving the occurrence of physio-somatic symptoms across these three disorders, giving a biologically validated "pathway phenotype". These data have far-reaching implications for DSM-IV diagnostic conceptualizations of somatization (and ME/CFS) suggesting the presence of an emerging organic explanation. Future research should focus on the role of immune regulation, and co-ordination, of neuronal activity and, through larger data sets, ultimately creating new, biologically validated classification rules. These data have implications for the development of novel therapies utilizing these insights, buttressing the role of psychotherapy in psychosomatic presentations.
journal_name
Med Hypothesesjournal_title
Medical hypothesesauthors
Anderson G,Maes M,Berk Mdoi
10.1016/j.mehy.2012.02.023subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-06-01 00:00:00pages
752-6issue
6eissn
0306-9877issn
1532-2777pii
S0306-9877(12)00089-8journal_volume
78pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Body size and body composition have been suggested as the best explanation for the temporal trend toward early menarche over the last 100 years. There is evidence from human and animal studies that indicates that body size is not the primary factor in influencing the occurrence of menarche. The data actually show that...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(81)90124-9
更新日期：1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mild traumatic brain injury, often referred to as concussion, is a common, potentially debilitating, and costly condition. One of the main challenges in diagnosing and managing concussion is that there is not currently an objective test to determine the presence of a concussion and to guide return-to-play decisions fo...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2015.05.012
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Micelle is a stable, passively targetable and solubilizing minute particle, and plays a key role to anticancer drug delivery for chemotherapy. With an increasing number of novel polymeric micelles synthesized, many anticancer drugs have been core-encapsulated in the micelles. However, only single drug was studied as t...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2008.05.002
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vaccines are effective in preventing disease by stimulating the immune system and sustaining an immune response towards eradication of pathogens and diseased cells. However, designing successful vaccines is not always straightforward. For a vaccine to be successful, antigen-presenting cells (APC) need to be stimulated...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.013
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epoxides as reactive intermediates of estrogen metabolism have been considered to be potential precursors of the 2- and 4-hydroxy, catechol estrogens and even to be mutagenic/carcinogenic agents themselves. The labile nature of the intermediates has made proof of their existence difficult in natural biological conditi...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.012
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For some patients with radiculopathy a source of nerve root compression cannot be identified despite positive electromyography (EMG) evidence. This discrepancy hampers the effective clinical management for these individuals. Although it has been well-established that tissues in the cervical spine move in a three-dimen...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.043
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The materno-fetal relationship is governed by critical levels of progesterone (P) and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). The 'see-saw' in concentration of these molecules maintain and terminate pregnancy in placental mammals. Apart from the enhancement or suppression of uterine contractility by PGF2 alpha and P resp...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(80)90021-3
更新日期：1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:No single dietary factor or ingested substance has been implicated in the aetiology of oesophageal carcinoma especially in high-risk areas of the world. Although not well defined, there is heavy consumption of tannin-rich foods, particularly sorghum, by populations at high risk for carcinoma. The carcinogenic properti...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(88)90060-6
更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human endometrium is a highly regenerative tissue and contains a low number of cells which have high replicative ability and differentiation efficiency. This has been identified by many scientists. When the fresh growth of tissue and blood vessels is shed during each menstrual cycle, some cells with regenerative capab...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2008.10.021
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:ATP sensitive (K(+)(ATP)) potassium cardiac channels are recruited when ATP levels are low as in ischemic injury and acute trauma. Such activation results in ECG-ST elevation and cardiac arrhythmias. K(+)(ATP) channel recruitment may be blocked by the sulfonylurea glibenclamide, permitting a wide variety of animal exp...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00055-0
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is identified as the uniting principle linking the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and carcinoma. Elevated TNF-alpha initially increases, and then inhibits, the activity of a number of ke...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1054/mehy.1997.0008
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This thesis explores the activation of chemicals in metabolic systems from the viewpoint that this activation is under the control of elements of the space-sea in which the chemicals are immersed. Themselves inert, the chemicals are theorised to exploit a force or action issuing from space (fluctuation) and characteri...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1054/mehy.2001.1298
更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices with multifaceted application potential is a need of an hour. Although, copper-based IUDs exert an effective contraceptive as well as anticancer effects in a long-term basis, but also results in multiple complications. In this regard, RISUG® a polymer based contraceptive device has b...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.026
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lysosomes, lysosomal enzymes and oxidant processes are known to be involved in cancer processes. The prostasomes contain proteins and enzymes that would constitute pathways for the hydrolysis of proteins and peptides. However, integrated biochemical and cell biology studies are necessary to understand how lysosomal en...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2004.11.039
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been proposed that combination of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) could be useful as the basis for targeted cancer therapy involving antibody-, polymer-, or gene-directed approaches. By circulating IAA in human body, the cells labeled with HRP could be selectively killed since cytoto...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00012-4
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although frequently disseminated to other anatomical sites, neuroblastoma (NB) is rarely reported as involving the central nervous system (CNS), which may reflect insufficient research in poorly controlled systemic disease. Here we demonstrate the involvement of the CNS in patients with NB over 18 months of age at dia...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109479
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Coronavirus Diseases-2019 (COVID-19) has caused a large global outbreak and has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It has been proposed that COVID-19-related hyperinflammation and dysregulated immune response might play a critical role in developing a cytokine storm which usually progr...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109947
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One area of relative agreement in schizophrenic research is that there is grey matter volume deficit in various cortical areas associated with this illness. One theory attempting to explain this involves an exaggerated action of the normal CNS pruning process. Various aspects of this process were discussed along with ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.038
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The comorbidity of eating disorders and reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in the same patients raises the possibility of a common pathway for both conditions. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome may be manifesting itself in those individuals who have sympathetic overdrive. Microtrauma, often induced by compulsiv...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90305-4
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Anorexia nervosa was explored as the possible expression of an aberration of the processing of information which ordinarily has value in life protection or extension. Each of 6 areas was briefly reviewed, and noted to have the potential for failure to balance 2 or more factors. Anorexia nervosa may prove to be a psych...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(90)90079-t
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Treatment for stuttering attempts to reduce or eliminate the observable core markers of the disorder, specifically repetitions and prolongation. In this hypothesis, it is proposed that stuttering may be inhibited by two distinct yet related procedures: active inhibition and passive inhibition. Active inhibition is bro...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1054/mehy.2001.1452
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is defined as a multifocal, monophasic, demyelinating, and inflammatory disease involving the central nervous system. It typically begins within 6 weeks of an antigenic challenge such as infection or immunization. Perivenous inflammation, edema and demyelination are the path...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2006.10.061
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a maladaptive response to chronic pressure overload and a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Regression of LVH is associated with improved prognosis. Regression of LVH with antihypertensive therapy (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ang...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2015.12.016
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is suggested here that a Hemoglobin S (HbS)-mediated membrane oxidant injury is responsible for both the protection from malaria infection in the heterozygous sickle cell state, and for a critical pathologic process in homozygous sickle cell disease. This suggestion is arrived at by applying to the HbS condition th...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(87)90135-6
更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The water proton spin lattice relaxation time of normal and tumorous tissues of human and radiosensitivity yield a linear relationship. ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(95)90507-3
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The psychological attributes of intelligence and personality are usually seen as being quite distinct in nature: higher intelligence being regarded a 'gift' (bestowed mostly by heredity); while personality or 'character' is morally evaluated by others, on the assumption that it is mostly a consequence of choice? So a ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.048
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a previous paper, I have proposed that the deficiency of an endogenous caffeine-like substance is the underlying pathogenic mechanism in schizophrenia (1). In the present paper, my new concept is used to explain many of the clinical, biochemical, radiologic and pharmacologic facts about schizophrenia. ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(91)90261-v
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The largely empirical dopamine theory has limited value in clarifying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, due to its inability to explain consistent imaging findings, such as cortical grey matter loss, reduced frontal and thalamic activity, and, reduced D1 receptor load. Furthermore, the most effective drug for treatin...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2005.06.022
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunotherapy has attracted attention as a novel treatment modality for malignant melanoma. Although the use of immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma has shown promising results, there remains a lack of predictive biomarkers indicating treatment benefit from immunotherapy. There is growing evidence suggesting that micr...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.023
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The right timing of surgical intervention in patients with aortic insufficiency is the crucial precondition for optimal postoperative course. To meet this demand, it is essential to have precise knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. Within the rabbit model of aortic insufficiency, four periods of adaptational...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(95)90239-2
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
