Abstract：
BACKGROUND:There is a dearth of data on the longitudinal course and outcome of non-restorative sleep (NRS). METHODS:A total of 2291 middle-aged adults (mean [SD]=46.3 [5.1] years old, 50.0% males at follow-up) were recruited into a 5-year follow-up study. NRS was defined as morning unfreshness after getting up ≥ 3 times/week over the past 12 months. Socio-demographics, other concurrent sleep complaints, and daytime symptoms were measured at baseline. Chronic medical problems in the past one year were additionally assessed at follow up. RESULTS:Several sleep problems (including other insomnia subtypes, snoring, and nightmares) and daytime symptoms were strongly associated with NRS at baseline. NRS had considerable persistence (31.9%), partial remission (22.7%), and incidence rate (5.2%). New incidence of NRS was predicted by female gender (AOR=1.67), preferring not to get up in the morning (AOR=1.96), fatigue (AOR=2.18), and short sleep duration (AOR=1.87), whereas persistence of NRS was predicted by difficulty initiating sleep (AOR=2.36). In the fully adjusted models, baseline NRS was significantly associated with multiple medical disorders at follow-up, including frequent allergic rhinitis (AOR=1.62) and laryngopharyngitis (AOR=2.47), diabetes mellitus (AOR=2.63), gastroesophageal reflux disease (AOR=2.03), eye problems (AOR=2.45), eczema (AOR=2.18), and poor mental health (AOR=1.68). CONCLUSIONS:The persistent course and independent association of NRS with adverse medical and mental outcomes argue for a distinct nosological status and the need for rigorous medical attention.
journal_name
Sleep Medjournal_title
Sleep medicineauthors
Zhang J,Lam SP,Li SX,Li AM,Wing YKdoi
10.1016/j.sleep.2011.12.012subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-06-01 00:00:00pages
570-6issue
6eissn
1389-9457issn
1878-5506pii
S1389-9457(12)00046-9journal_volume
13pub_type
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