Abstract:
INTRODUCTION:Bone loss is a common and often debilitating condition that accompanies spinal cord injury. Because bone loss after spinal cord injury is multifactorial, it can be difficult to assess and treat. This process becomes even more complex as secondary conditions associated with aging are introduced. PURPOSE:There are two purposes of this literature review. The first is to summarize information concerning the mechanisms of bone loss and osteoporosis after spinal cord injury. The second is to summarize existing data concerning the effects of exercise on bone loss after spinal cord injury. METHOD:Literature was reviewed concerning the bone loss process and the non-pharmacological treatment options for ameliorating bone loss after spinal cord injury. RESULTS:(Part One) Osteoporosis is universal in persons with chronic complete spinal cord injury, which increases the risk of bone fracture. Bone loss after spinal cord injury is both sublesional and regional with the greatest areas of bone demineralization being in the sublesional trabecular laden areas of the distal and proximal epiphyses of the femur and tibia. (Part Two) While passive weight bearing of paralyzed lower extremities appears to be ineffective, stressing the bones through muscular contractions initiated by electrical stimulation (FES) have yielded positive results in some cases. The intensity, frequency, and duration of stress to the bones appear to be important determinants of improved bone parameters. Although further quantification of these components is needed, some generalized guidelines can be deduced from completed research. Intensities showing positive results have been loads of one to one and a half times body weight for FES exercise or having participants FES cycle at their highest power output. Safety precautions must be used to decrease risk of bone fracture. Generally, the frequency is effective with three or more weekly exercise sessions. Studies of duration suggest that several months to one or more years of FES are necessary. DISCUSSION:In order to promote healthy and independent aging in patients with spinal cord injury, it is important to understand the processes, consequences and effective treatments involved with bone loss.
journal_name
NeuroRehabilitationjournal_title
NeuroRehabilitationauthors
Dolbow DR,Gorgey AS,Daniels JA,Adler RA,Moore JR,Gater DR Jrdoi
10.3233/NRE-2011-0702subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-01-01 00:00:00pages
261-9issue
3eissn
1053-8135issn
1878-6448pii
1319M8VJ5M2740X5journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::This article provides readers with a review of the major considerations for designing living environments for persons with neurodisability due to acquired brain injury (ABI). Components that need to be considered in order to assure that the environment is designed with a functional perspective in mind are explored. Th...
journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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abstract::Many issues face the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) and its role in the encouragement of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) rehabilitation research and the development of the TBI model systems of care. Yet, even though many complex difficulties face individuals who have sustained TBI, t...
journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
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更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:NeuroRehabilitation
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pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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