Abstract:
:This paper provides the first review of the memory-enhancing and neuroprotective metabolic mechanisms of action of methylene blue in vivo. These mechanisms have important implications as a new neurobiological approach to improve normal memory and to treat memory impairment and neurodegeneration associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Methylene blue's action is unique because its neurobiological effects are not determined by regular drug-receptor interactions or drug-response paradigms. Methylene blue shows a hormetic dose-response, with opposite effects at low and high doses. At low doses, methylene blue is an electron cycler in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, with unparalleled antioxidant and cell respiration-enhancing properties that affect the function of the nervous system in a versatile manner. A major role of the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase on the memory-enhancing effects of methylene blue is supported by available data. The memory-enhancing effects have been associated with improvement of memory consolidation in a network-specific and use-dependent fashion. In addition, low doses of methylene blue have also been used for neuroprotection against mitochondrial dysfunction in humans and experimental models of disease. The unique auto-oxidizing property of methylene blue and its pleiotropic effects on a number of tissue oxidases explain its potent neuroprotective effects at low doses. The evidence reviewed supports a mechanistic role of low-dose methylene blue as a promising and safe intervention for improving memory and for the treatment of acute and chronic conditions characterized by increased oxidative stress, neurodegeneration and memory impairment.
journal_name
Prog Neurobioljournal_title
Progress in neurobiologyauthors
Rojas JC,Bruchey AK,Gonzalez-Lima Fdoi
10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.10.007subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-01-01 00:00:00pages
32-45issue
1eissn
0301-0082issn
1873-5118pii
S0301-0082(11)00194-8journal_volume
96pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The cause of sleep is a complex question, which needs first, a clear distinction amongst the different meanings of a causal relationship in the study of a given behavior, second, the requisites to be met by a suggested cause, and third, a precise definition of sleep to distinguish behavioral from polygraphic sleep. Th...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00013-7
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that can involve dangerous neurological symptoms such as spontaneous seizures (eclampsia). Despite being diseases specific to the pregnant state, preeclampsia and eclampsia have long-lasting neurological consequences later in life, including changes in brain structu...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101938
更新日期:2020-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Not later than two synapses after their arrival in the cerebellar cortex all excitatory afferent signals are subsequently transformed into inhibitory ones. Guaranteed by the exceedingly ordered and stereotyped synaptic arrangement of its cellular elements, the cerebellar cortex transmits this inhibitory result of cere...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00024-1
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven to be a successful therapeutic approach in several patients with movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Hitherto its application was mainly restricted to advanced disease patients resistant to medication or with severe treatment side effects. However, there...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.002
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most functional studies of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels have been confined to photoreceptors and olfactory epithelium, in which CNG channels are abundant and easy to study. The widespread distribution of CNG channels in tissues throughout the body has only recently been recognized and the functions of this c...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00029-x
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microglia, macrophages that reside in the brain, can express at least 12 different ion channels, including voltage-gated proton channels. The properties of H+ currents in microglia are similar to those in other phagocytes. Proton currents are elicited by depolarizing the membrane potential, but activation also depends...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00062-9
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder that afflicts 1 in 2000 individuals and is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy-a sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by positive emotions. Features of narcolepsy include dysregulation of arousal state boundaries as well as autonomic and metabolic disturban...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.002
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brain sex differences are programmed largely by sex hormone secretions and direct sex chromosome effects in early life, and are subsequently modulated by early life experiences. The brain's resident immune cells, called microglia, actively contribute to brain development. Recent research has shown that microglia are s...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.002
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, opioid receptor like1 (ORL1) receptor was identified. The ORL1 receptor is a G protein coupled receptor and the sequence of the ORL1 receptor is closely related to that of the opioid receptors. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ has been identified as a potent endogenous agonist of the ORL1 receptor and the sequence of ...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00067-7
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brain damage can sometimes render a patient persistently unresponsive and yet apparently awake, admitting the possibility that the absence of overt voluntary behaviour might conceal a retained capacity for covert cognition. When given instructions to perform a cognitive task, a minority of patients in such a so-called...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.009
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is suggested that the brain undergoes plastic changes in order to adapt to changing environmental needs. Sensory deprivation results in decreased input to the brain leading to adaptive or maladaptive changes. Although several theories hypothesize the mechanism of these adaptive and maladaptive changes, the course o...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.010
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) occur in psychotic disorders, but also as a symptom of other conditions and even in healthy people. Several current theories on the origin of AVH converge, with neuroimaging studies suggesting that the language, auditory and memory/limbic networks are of particular relevance. Howev...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.002
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review gives an overview of recent findings and developments in research on brain mechanisms of reward and reinforcement from studies using the place preference conditioning paradigm, with emphasis on those studies that have been published within the last decade. Methodological issues of the paradigm (such as des...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00060-4
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitric oxide (NO), a diffusible molecule acting as an intercellular and intracellular messenger in many tissues, plays multiple roles in the nervous system. In addition to regulating proliferation, survival and differentiation of neurons, NO is also involved in synaptic activity, neural plasticity and memory formation...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.01.002
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic restraint stress leads to increases in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein in some regions of the brain, e.g. the basal lateral amygdala (BLA) but decreases in other regions such as the CA3 region of the hippocampus and dendritic spine density increases or decreases in line with these cha...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.005
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies and HAT occurs in foci in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease, which is invariably lethal if untreated, evolves in a first hemo-lymphatic stage, progressin...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.12.001
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most spiking neurons are divided into functional compartments: a dendritic input region, a soma, a site of action potential initiation, an axon trunk and its collaterals for propagation of action potentials, and distal arborizations and terminals carrying the output synapses. The axon trunk and lower order branches ar...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.06.001
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sound communication is not unique to humans but rather is a trait shared with most non-mammalian vertebrates. A practical way to address questions of vocal signal encoding has been to identify mechanisms in non-mammalian model systems that use acoustic communication signals in their social behavior. Teleost fishes, th...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00004-2
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cloning of K(Ca)2 channels revealed three subtypes, with each displaying distinct but partially overlapping expression distributions in the mammalian CNS and periphery. Activation of K(Ca)2 channels leads to membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of action potential firing. Block of K(Ca)2 channels has been sug...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.03.002
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::After a long period of inconclusive observations, the intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the intestine have been identified. The intestine is thus equipped with two groups of afferent neurons, those with cell bodies in cranial and dorsal root ganglia, and these recently identified afferent neurons with cell bodies ...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00051-8
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long-term consequences of anesthetic exposure in humans are not well understood. It is possible that alterations in brain function occur beyond the initial anesthetic administration. Research in children and adults has reported cognitive and/or behavioral changes after surgery and general anesthesia that may be short ...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.01.005
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multivariate time series analysis is extensively used in neurophysiology with the aim of studying the relationship between simultaneously recorded signals. Recently, advances on information theory and nonlinear dynamical systems theory have allowed the study of various types of synchronization from time series. In thi...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.10.003
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The S-100 is a group of low molecular weight (10-12 kD) calcium-binding proteins highly conserved among vertebrates. It is present in different tissues as dimers of homologous or different subunits (alpha, beta). In the nervous system, the S-100 exists as a mixture composed of beta beta and alpha beta dimers with the ...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00062-m
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tissue-specific alternative splicing profoundly effects animal physiology, development and disease, and this is nowhere more evident than in the nervous system. Alternative splicing is a versatile form of genetic control whereby a common pre-mRNA is processed into multiple mRNA isoforms differing in their precise comb...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(01)00007-7
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunocytochemical mapping studies employing the extensively used monoclonal anti-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antibody M35 are reviewed. We focus on three neuronal muscarinic cholinoceptive substrates, which are target regions of the cholinergic basal forebrain system intimately involved in cognitive fun...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00092-6
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In animal models of global and focal ischemia neuroprotection is typically determined by quantifying the degree of cell loss or reduction in infarct volume shortly after the ischemic insult. These methods are unable to reliably detect more subtle forms of neuronal death and dysfunction that arise from injury to non-ho...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00078-6
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Steroid hormones act via evolutionarily conserved nuclear receptors to regulate neuronal phenotype during development, maturity and disease. Steroid hormones exert 'global' effects in organisms to produce coordinated physiological responses whereas, at the 'local' level, individual neurons can respond to a steroidal s...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00102-3
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We review the neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and functional properties of the mammalian subiculum in this paper. The subiculum is a pivotal structure positioned between the hippocampus proper and entorhinal and other cortices, as well as a range of subcortical structures. It is an under-investigated region that p...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00054-x
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spectrum of inflammatory diseases is nowadays considered to include diverse diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Current evidence suggests that syndromes such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) have important inflammatory and immune components and may be amenable to treatment by anti-inflammatory and immunothera...
journal_title:Progress in neurobiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.08.001
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00