Abstract:
:The hypothesis of the evolutionary origin of bipolar disorder (EOBD) synthesized ideas about the biological clock and seasonal shifts in mood (Rosenthal, Wehr) with theorizing that bipolar disorder descends from a pyknic (compact, cold-adapted) group (Kretchmer). The hypothesis suggested that bipolar behaviors evolved in the northern temperate zone as highly derived adaptations to the selective pressures of severe climatic conditions during the Pleistocene. Given evidence of Neandertal contributions to the human genome, the hypothesis is extended (EOBD-R) to suggest Neandertal as the ancestral source for bipolar vulnerability genes (susceptibility alleles). The EOBD-R hypothesis explains and integrates existing observations: bipolar disorder has the epidemiology of an adaptation; it is correlated with a cold-adapted build, and its moods vary according to light and season. Since the hypothesis was first published, data consistent with it have continued to appear. Individuals with seasonal affective disorder, which is related to bipolar disorder, have been shown to manifest a biological signal of season change similar to that found in hibernating animals. The involvement of the circadian gene network in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder has been confirmed. Because selective pressures during the Pleistocene would have been greatest for women of reproductive age, they are expected to manifest winter depression more than males or younger females, which is the case. (This sex difference is also found in hibernating mammals.) Because it is hypothesized that the evolution of bipolar disorder took place in the northern temperate zone during the Pleistocene, it is not expected that individuals of African descent, lacking Neandertal genes, will manifest circular bipolar I disorder, and in fact, the incidence of bipolar disorder among black individuals is less than among whites. A definitive test of the hypothesis is proposed: It is predicted that the bipolar and Neandertal genomes will be more similar than the modern human and Neandertal genomes, and the modern human and San and Yoruba genomes will be more similar than the bipolar and San and Yoruba genomes. Failure to confirm these predictions will falsify the EOBD-R hypothesis. The EOBD-R hypothesis has important implications in the search for bipolar vulnerability genes and our understanding of ourselves and our Neandertal ancestor. At a practical level, confirmation of the EOBD-R hypothesis will boost interest and research in the prevention and management of bipolar symptoms by manipulation of ambient light.
journal_name
Med Hypothesesjournal_title
Medical hypothesesauthors
Sherman JAdoi
10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-01-01 00:00:00pages
113-22issue
1eissn
0306-9877issn
1532-2777pii
S0306-9877(11)00518-4journal_volume
78pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章abstract::A high incidence of sudden unexplained nocturnal deaths has been reported among young Asian males. These deaths are known as Pokkuri in Japan, Bangungut in the Philippines and Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death in the United States. Post mortem analysis has demonstrated cardiac conduction defects in many of the victim...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(88)90071-0
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a rare form of neuropathic pain that results in sudden, unilateral and recurrent pains in the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. The aetiology of TN remains unclear and several theories have been proposed. Many medical and surgical methods have been applied with ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.010
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is sometimes asserted that UK science is thriving, at other times that it has declined. We suggest that both assertions are partly true because the UK is thriving with respect to the volume of 'normal' science production but at the same time declining in the highest level of 'revolutionary' science. Revolutionary s...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.12.004
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The persistent use of different forms of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is an under-investigated issue in medical research. While the data concerning the proportion of long-term users in the population of total NRT users seems reassuring at first glance, we must recognize that the small relative numbers (proportio...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.08.045
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has emerged as a potent therapeutic strategy to improve myocardial infarction. However MSCs therapy encounters a few obstacles regarding the poor viability of the transplanted cells. Therefore, it is important to explore a strategy to enhance post-transplanted MSC viability. To ov...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.12.021
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanisms of fibroproliferation disease (FPD) of the skin, such as keloids and hypertrophic scars, are still unknown. Since mechanical stress appears to be an important factor for FPD generation, we have studied the intervening factors that connect mechanical stress with keloid and scar formation. Hence, we intro...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.01.032
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance (IR). In the state of obesity, excess fat accumulates in the liver, a key organ in systemic metabolism, altering the inflammatory and metabolic signals contributing substantially to the development of hepatic IR. Current therapies for t...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109671
更新日期:2020-03-14 00:00:00
abstract::The results described in this paper partially agree with the hypothesis that mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of depleted growing rats recover their antigen specific determinants after the oral administration of 20% casein for 5-9 days following the time course of antigen dependent changes observed in virgin lymph nodes. ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(87)90058-2
更新日期:1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atherosclerosis and its fatal complications, such as myocardial infarction or stroke, represent the most common cause of morbidity or mortality in modern world. It was observed that an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanies atherosclerosis. Under physiological circumstances, intracellular H+ accumulates a...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109724
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The characteristic insoluble, senile (neuritic) plaques found extracellularly in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) contain the fibrillar form of beta-amyloid (Abeta42). A substantial proportion of autopsied elderly brains have demonstrated DNA evidence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infiltration...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.07.033
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Growing evidences suggest a link between normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both of them are progressive neurodegenerative disorders. Recently researches provide a clue that optineurin may be a new common underlying risk factor involved in NTG and AD. OPTINEURIN (OPTN) gene coding for "optineu...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.040
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aetiology of multiple sclerosis suggests that its occurrence depends on a combination of factors, including viral infection in early childhood, genotype and an initiating event within the central nervous system. The resulting damage may be caused by events initiated by free radicals. Free radicals themselves may c...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90196-1
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Six medical papyri document how Santorini's volcanic ash from the Bronze Age biphasic eruption, otherwise attested by material retrieved at the bottom of lakes at the edge of the Nile Delta, severely affected the health of the inhabitants of Egypt as well as their society as a whole. Treatments for burns caused by par...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.008
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::With spinal anesthesia the level of surgical analgesia is mostly reported without reference to the neuroanatomic map of spinal nerves. The classical maps are variably and inconsistently reported in many textbooks. Because of the differences between the classical maps of Keegan and Garrett and of Foerster, and also bec...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90116-x
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, and an estimated 972 million people in the world are suffering from this problem. Indubitably, hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge. In recent years many efforts have been made to devise novel therapies involving new targets implic...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.03.030
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are large amounts of zinc in muscle and zinc ions can enhance the degree of muscle contraction in response to direct stimulation while at the same time inhibiting neuromuscular transmission. The opposites of these effects would lead to myotonia and muscle weakness. There are many parallels between the non-muscul...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(80)90052-3
更新日期:1980-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A primary goal in antimicrobial drug design is to find molecules which inhibit key proteins in bacteria without affecting mammalian homologues. To this aim, structural differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzyme proteins involved in life processes are widely exploited. The membrane-bound enzyme complex ATP s...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.05.004
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulation of ion transport across the airway mucosa may be involved in the mechanisms producing hyperreactivity and asthma. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) has been proposed to participate in the pathogenesis of asthma, and it has been found to have a bronchodilatory effect on asthmatic patients. Experimental eviden...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(91)90167-w
更新日期:1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inotropic treatment remains the cornerstone for cardiogenic shock, an emergency that requires immediate resuscitative therapy before shock irreversibly damages vital organs. Although the sympathomimetic drug dobutamine is the most widely-used inotropic drug worldwide, it has several side effects including sinus tachyc...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.002
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer cells have a greater need for energy and a ready supply of the building blocks necessary for the synthesis of macromolecules (nucleotides, protein, lipids) in order to duplicate genome and biomass. The hypothesis can be postulated that those precursors for synthetic processes, which can only be furnished by gly...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.06.002
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The small vessel vasculitides granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis are associated with autoantibodies to neutrophil cytoplasm antigens (ANCA), principally proteinase-3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). There is an association between GPA and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. The re...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.01.008
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE-2) receptors with approx. 0.8% congestion in conjunctival surface, leads to increase susceptibility of Covid-19 transmission through ocular surface. It has been observed that prophylactic measures such as goggle or face shield are unable to offer complete protection against ocul...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110288
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The first conjugate vaccine was approved for use in the US in 1988 to protect infants and young children against the capsular bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Since its introduction in the US, this vaccine has been approved in most developed countries, including Denmark and Israel where the vaccine was ad...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.08.019
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread around the world. At this time, there is no vaccine that can help people prevent the spread of coronavirus. We are proposing amantadine as a drug that can be used to mitigate the effects of the virus. It is demonstrated by docking models how amantadine can exert its action on Coronaviru...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109755
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute renal failure (ARF) is a rapid loss of kidney function. The reasons and mechanism by which this occurs has not been clarified so far thus creating obstacles to management of this disease. Presently, the experimental research using the accepted renal ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R injury) model represented for ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.041
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Physical inactivity and a low maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) strongly predict morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with T2D have a reduced VO2max when compared with healthy individuals of similar age, weight, and physical activity levels, and this lower aerobic capacity is usuall...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.010
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The accumulation of fibrin/fibrinogen and other coagulation factors in and around solid tumors and metastatic foci has been recognized for a century as an aspect of cancer pathology. On this basis, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents have been deployed as adjuvant anticancer therapies, but they have proved clinical...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.06.045
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Developmental alcohol exposure adversely influences the developing brain. Alcohol exposure during rapid brain growth causes cell loss, alters connections between brain regions, and lowers the production of biological substances responsible for the communication among neurons. It is reasonable to suggest that alcohol m...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2003.12.021
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a striking resemblance, in amino-acid composition and properties, between one class of structural glycoproteins from connective tissue and the apo low density lipoproteins (LDL) of blood plasma. It is suggested that there is a structurally specific analogy between the early atherogenic accumulation of LDL (an...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(76)90039-6
更新日期:1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is a known fact that individuals who engaged in delinquent behavior in childhood are more probable to carry on similar behavior in adulthood. If the factors that lead children to involve in delinquency are defined, the risk of dragging children into crime can be detected before they are involved in crime and delinq...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110118
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00