Abstract:
:Analyses of genomic DNA and clones indicate that the pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK; ATP: pyruvate, orthophosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.9.1) gene family of maize (Zea mays L. subsp. mays, line B73) contains two members. Restriction site and DNA sequence comparisons between PPDK genomic and leaf cDNA clones have revealed which gene encodes the isozyme involved in C4 photosynthesis. The region flanking the 5' end of this gene contains two 30-base-pair (bp) repetitive elements that may be involved in its light-regulated expression. Sequence analysis of genomic and leaf cDNA clones has also shown that the entire 7.3-kDa PPDK chloroplast transit peptide is encoded in the 436-bp first exon. Northern blot experiments with probes specific for the first exon and the 3' end of the gene showed that the smaller PPDK transcripts in roots and etiolated leaves [3.0 kilobases (kb) vs. the 3.5-kb green leaf transcript] lack the sequence encoding the chloroplast transit peptide. In addition, results from cDNA library screens have confirmed that the root transcript is approximately 50-fold less abundant than the green leaf transcript. Finally, sequence comparisons among cDNA clones from green leaves and roots and genomic clones representing both members of the PPDK gene family demonstrate that the green leaf transcript encoding the C4 isozyme and the root transcript are derived from the same gene.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Glackin CA,Grula JWdoi
10.1073/pnas.87.8.3004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-04-01 00:00:00pages
3004-8issue
8eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
87pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2vitamin D3] analog KH1060 exerts very potent effects on cell proliferation and cell differentiation via the vitamin D receptor (VDR). However, the activities of KH1060 are not associated with an increased affinity for the VDR. We now show that increased stabilization of the VDR-...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.10685
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The envelope spike of HIV is one of the most highly N-glycosylated structures found in nature. However, despite extensive research revealing essential functional roles in infection and immune evasion, the chemical structures of the glycans on the native viral envelope glycoprotein gp120--as opposed to recombinantly ge...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1006498107
更新日期:2010-08-03 00:00:00
abstract::Communities have an important role to play in biodiversity conservation. However, community-based conservation as a panacea, like government-based conservation as a panacea, ignores the necessity of managing commons at multiple levels, with vertical and horizontal interplay among institutions. The study of conservatio...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0702098104
更新日期:2007-09-25 00:00:00
abstract::We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the spontaneous clustering of solitons in partially coherent wavefronts during the final stages of pattern formation initiated by modulation instability and noise. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.072287299
更新日期:2002-04-16 00:00:00
abstract::The degradation of the plant cell wall by glycoside hydrolases is central to environmentally sustainable industries. The major polysaccharides of the plant cell wall are cellulose and xylan, a highly decorated β-1,4-xylopyranose polymer. Glycoside hydrolases displaying multiple catalytic functions may simplify the enz...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1117686109
更新日期:2012-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor controls a pathway supporting the differentiation and survival of a wide range of neural cell types during development and in adulthood. Cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC)-cytokine-like factor 1 (CLF) composite cytokine is a second ligand for the CNTF alpha-component receptor...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0509598103
更新日期:2006-06-27 00:00:00
abstract::We studied the surface delivery pathways followed by newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins in intestinal cells. To this end, we developed an assay and characterized an epithelial cell line (SK-CO-15) derived from human colon adenocarcinoma. Polarized confluent monolayers (2000 omega.cm2), grown on polycarbonate f...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.23.9313
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GA) is an inherited chorioretinal degeneration caused by deficiency of ornithine delta-aminotransferase (OAT; L-ornithine: 2-oxo-acid aminotransferase; EC 2.6.1.13). GA is one of the "Finnish genetic diseases," a group of several rare monogenic disorders that occur with increa...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.1.197
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since their discovery as cell-division factors in plant tissue culture about five decades ago, cytokinins have been hypothesized to play a central role in the regulation of cell division and differentiation in plants. To test this hypothesis in planta, we isolated Arabidopsis plants lacking one, two, or three of the g...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0402887101
更新日期:2004-06-08 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have implicated local inflammation and activation of complement amongst the processes involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Several lines of investigation also indicate that bis-retinoid pigments, such as A2E, that accumulate as lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelial ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0604255103
更新日期:2006-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::Neutrinos represent a new "window" to the Universe, spanning a large range of energy. We discuss the science of neutrino astrophysics and focus on two energy regimes. At "lower" energies ( approximately 1 MeV), studies of neutrinos born inside the sun, or produced in interactions of cosmic rays with the atmosphere, ha...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.25.14201
更新日期:1999-12-07 00:00:00
abstract::As part of a study into the molecular basis of attenuation and reversion to neurovirulence in the Sabin poliovirus vaccines, we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a cloned DNA copy of the genome of P3/Leon/37, the neurovirulent progenitor of the type 3 Sabin vaccine strain, P3/Leon 12a1b. Comparison o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.5.1539
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neural crest cell derivatives have been suggested to be involved in thymus development. We established nonlymphoid thymic stromal cell cultures capable of supporting T-cell differentiation. In these nonlymphoid cell cultures, we identified cells with phenotypic and biochemical markers specific for neuronal cells. Neur...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.8.3209
更新日期:1992-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Proper regulation of neurotransmission requires that ligand-activated ion channels remain closed until agonist binds. How channels then open remains poorly understood. Glycine receptor (GlyR) gating is initiated by agonist binding at interfaces between adjacent subunits in the extracellular domain. Aspartate-97, locat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1001845107
更新日期:2010-04-27 00:00:00
abstract::In Escherichia coli, AK I- HDH I and AK II- HDH II are two bifunctional proteins, derived from a common ancestor, that catalyze the first and third reactions of the common pathway leading to threonine and methionine. An extensive amino acid sequence comparison of both molecules reveals two main features on each of the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.10.3019
更新日期:1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) [GTP;oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase(transphosphorylating); EC 4.1.1.32] is absent in rat liver cytosol during fetal life and is synthesized initially at birth. De novo synthesis of the enzyme can be induced prematurely by injection of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or glucagon into fetal anim...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.9.4189
更新日期:1978-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 4 is a member of the IRF family of transcription factors and plays critical roles in the development of CD4(+) T cells into Th2 and Th17 cells. Using the infection model of Nippostrongyrus brasiliensis, we have confirmed the critical roles of IRF-4 in Th2 development in vivo by using...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0803171105
更新日期:2008-10-14 00:00:00
abstract::T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T cells) have shown impressive therapeutic efficacy against leukemias and lymphomas. However, they have not been as effective against solid tumors because they become hyporesponsive ("exhausted" or "dysfunctional") within the tumor microenvironment, with decreased cyt...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1905675116
更新日期:2019-06-18 00:00:00
abstract::Among 21 human mammary tumors analyzed for transforming genes by transfection of NIH/3T3 cells, only DNA of a carcinosarcoma cell line, HS578T, registered as positive. A Harvey (H)-ras oncogene identified in this line was cloned in biologically active form and the activating lesion was identified as a single nucleotid...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.17.5384
更新日期:1984-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a classic model of mammalian brain formation, precursors of principal glutamatergic neurons migrate radially along radial glia fibers whereas GABAergic interneuron precursors migrate tangentially. These migration modes have significant implications for brain function. Here we used clonal lineage tracing of active r...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1508545112
更新日期:2015-07-28 00:00:00
abstract::Nonhuman primates possess a highly developed capacity for face recognition, which resembles the human capacity both cognitively and neurologically. Face recognition is typically tested by having subjects compare facial images, whereas there has been virtually no attention to how they connect these images to reality. C...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0912174106
更新日期:2009-12-22 00:00:00
abstract::Protein synthesis initiation in reticulocyte lysates is inhibited by heme deficiency, low levels of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), or the purified kinase (HRI) that acts on the alpha polypeptide of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2alpha). The phosphoprotein profiles produced in lysates i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.5.2118
更新日期:1979-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ca(2+)-sensitive kinases are thought to play a role in long-term potentiation (LTP). To test the involvement of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaM-K II), truncated, constitutively active form of this kinase was directly injected into CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. Inclusion of CaM-K II in the recording pipette...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.24.11175
更新日期:1995-11-21 00:00:00
abstract::A mechanism of ion transport across membranes is reported. Microbial transport of Fe(3+) generally delivers iron, a growth-limiting nutrient, to cells via highly specific siderophore-mediated transport systems. In contrast, iron transport in the fresh water bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila is found to occur by means of ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.200318797
更新日期:2000-09-26 00:00:00
abstract::Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a group of peptides, originally isolated from the cardiac atria, that have a number of important effects on blood pressure, renal function, and salt balance. In the current study, expression of the ANF gene in certain extra-atrial tissues of the rat has been examined by radioimmunoas...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.18.6697
更新日期:1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular analyses of Na,K-ATPase abundance and alpha-subunit isoform distribution were performed to determine whether pump expression varies at different points through the thickness of the circular layer of colonic smooth muscle. The mRNA and polypeptides of Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 and beta subunits were twice as abunda...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2370
更新日期:1991-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Gene function is typically evaluated by sampling the continuum of gene expression at only a few discrete points corresponding to gene knockout or overexpression. We argue that this characterization is incomplete and present a library of engineered promoters of varying strengths obtained through mutagenesis of a consti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0504604102
更新日期:2005-09-06 00:00:00
abstract::In the present study the complete amino acid sequence of human plasma Zn-alpha 2-glycoprotein was determined. This protein whose biological function is unknown consists of a single polypeptide chain of 276 amino acid residues including 8 tryptophan residues and has a pyroglutamyl residue at the amino terminus. The loc...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.3.679
更新日期:1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treatment of quiescent cultures of mouse embryo-derived AKR-2B cells with transforming growth factor beta resulted in an early induction of c-sis mRNA. The increase in c-sis mRNA was followed by a corresponding increase in protein similar to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in the culture medium. In addition, PDG...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.8.2453
更新日期:1986-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A number of extracellular stimuli, including soluble cytokines and insoluble matrix factors, are known to influence murine embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation behavioral responses via intracellular signaling pathways, but their net effects in combination are difficult to understand. To gain insight co...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0308768101
更新日期:2004-03-02 00:00:00