Abstract:
:Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial bacterial diarrhoea in the Western world. Diarrhoea and colitis are caused by the actions of toxins A and B released by pathogenic strains of C. difficile. Adaptive immune responses to these toxins influence the outcomes of C. difficile infection (CDI). Symptomless carriers of toxinogenic C. difficile and those with a single episode of CDI without recurrence show more robust antitoxin immune responses than those with symptomatic and recurrent disease. Immune-based approaches to CDI therapy and prevention have been developed using active vaccination or passive immunotherapy targeting C. difficile toxins. Innate immune responses to C. difficile and its toxins are also central to the pathophysiology of CDI. An acute intestinal inflammatory response with prominent neutrophil infiltration and associated tissue injury is characteristic of CDI. Furthermore, inhibiting this acute inflammatory response can protect against the intestinal injury that results from exposure to C. difficile toxins in animal models. Studies examining host risk factors for CDI have led to validated clinical prediction tools for risk of primary and of recurrent disease. Risk factors associated with severe CDI with poor clinical outcomes have also been identified and include marked elevation of the peripheral white blood cell count and elevated creatinine. However, further work is needed in this area to guide the clinical application of new approaches to disease prevention and treatment including new antimicrobials as well as passive and active immunization.
journal_name
J Med Microbioljournal_title
Journal of medical microbiologyauthors
Kelly CP,Kyne Ldoi
10.1099/jmm.0.030015-0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-08-01 00:00:00pages
1070-1079issue
Pt 8eissn
0022-2615issn
1473-5644journal_volume
60pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Urinary isolates of Escherichia coli that were resistant to trimethoprim were collected in Glasgow Royal Infirmary during 1979 and 1980. Eighty-eight were resistant to trimethoprim 1024 micrograms/ml and 80 (92%) were also resistant to sulphamethoxazole 1024 micrograms/ml; 73% were multiresistant. Plasmids were detect...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-16-4-433
更新日期:1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The acquisition of Klebsiella aerogenes by neonates born in hospital has been studied by sero- and klebecin typing. This organism was more commonly carried in the bowel of breast-fed babies than of bottle-fed babies. Only very rarely did babies acquire strains of K. aerogenes from their mothers. K. aerogenes was widel...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-12-2-201
更新日期:1979-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report what we believe is the first reported case of Streptococcus mutans endocarditis complicated by vertebral discitis. The case is particularly interesting and topical as it occurred in a patient with pre-existing cardiac valvular disease who had recently had a dental procedure without antibiotic prophylaxis fol...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.020974-0
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunodiffusion analysis of Mycobacterium lepraemurium indicated the presence of at lease six antigens. Comparative analysis of the M. lepraemurium antigen-antibody system with similar systems established for other mycobacterial species, showed that M. lepraemurium shared up to two antigens with other species. Althoug...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-8-1-177
更新日期:1975-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A study of 1314 patients with malignancies was made to determine the prevalence of Serratia marcescens in surveillance, diagnostic, and environmental cultures. Sera obtained from a commercial source were used to determine serotypic distributions of the S. marcescens strains isolated during a 51-month period. S. marces...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-13-2-333
更新日期:1980-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe the case of a graft versus host disease (GvHD) patient, in whom Hafnia alvei was cultured as a single organism, and at high bacterial counts from stool samples, from the onset of the disease until its resolution. This case is a further example of the contentious role of this species in causing human intest...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.2008/001164-0
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bifidobacteria are dominant in the gut of full-term infants, although colonisation by them is often delayed in preterm neonates. Bifidobacteria are recognised to have beneficial effects on digestive disorders and they might prevent neonatal necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), a gastrointestinal disease that predominantly...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-48-1-89
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Campylobacter jejuni, when left on blood agar for prolonged periods, was found to survive better in air than under micro-aerobic conditions. After a period of 2-3 days in air, all strains of C. jejuni examined grew freely in air on subculture, and could be further subcultured apparently indefinitely in air. This adapt...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-38-2-145
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mice immunised by the oral or intraperitoneal route with a live aromatic-dependent strain of Salmonella typhimurium exhibited significantly less protection against oral challenge with 50 LD50 of an ovine isolate of S. typhimurium (12313) than when a bovine isolate with the same O antigens and phage-type as strain 1231...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-24-1-11
更新日期:1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced from mice immunised with whole cells of heat-killed Pasteurella multocida type A which had been cultured under iron-restricted conditions. The MAbs were selected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which the antigen consisted of whole bacteria of the immu...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-33-4-217
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microsporum canis is the most common species isolated from canine and feline dermatophytosis in the world. However, this study reports a rare case of canine dermatophytosis caused by the anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton tonsurans in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The fungal characterization was performe...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.46665-0
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diabetic mice were significantly more susceptible than normal mice to bladder infection with Enterobacter cloacae or Serratia marcescens but not to intraperitoneal infection. Normal urine inhibited the growth of E. cloacae and S. marcescens, whereas urine from diabetic mice permitted multiplication. The addition of ur...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-30-2-105
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibodies specific for rubella virion polypeptide, VPI, secreted by clones of hybridoma cells or produced in rabbits in response to specific antigenic stimulation, located determinants for haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) and neutralising (Nt) antibodies on this envelope component. ...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-17-1-105
更新日期:1984-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fifty-seven strains of acinetobacter-like organisms were isolated over a period of 26 months from the ears of 55 patients with acute or chronic otitis media, or otitis externa, and one strain was isolated in a survey of 50 normal ears. After comparison with eight reference strains, 32 of the isolates were identified a...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-9-3-345
更新日期:1976-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is recognised as an important cause of nosocomial infection. The spread of some MRSA epidemic clones is well documented. In Brazil, and more recently in Portugal, a considerable number of hospital infections has been caused by a unique multiresistant MRSA clone design...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/0022-1317-49-2-187
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A collection of 72 strains of catalase-negative gram-positive, -negative and -variable cocco-bacilli isolated from samples of vaginal discharge from women with non-specific vaginal infection was examined in an attempt to develop an identification system for Gardnerella vaginalis that could be used in a diagnostic labo...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-16-1-83
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Introduction. Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, in endemic areas, poses a challenge for treating the diseased populations without accurate diagnosis, and the disease-specific biomarkers linked with the infection have yet to be reported. Due to the invasive nature of the causative agent, Burkholderia ps...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001242
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Trichoderma longibrachiatum is an emerging pathogen in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of Trichoderma post-operative mediastinitis and peritonitis in a child with complex congenital cardiac disease and functional asplenia. The patient was treated unsuccessfully, initially with caspofungin alone followed b...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.030718-0
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The resistance of Balamuthia mandrillaris to physical, chemical and radiological conditions was tested. Following treatments, viability was determined by culturing amoebae on human brain microvascular endothelial cells for up to 12 days. B. mandrillaris cysts were resistant to repeated freeze-thawing (five times), tem...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47694-0
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cell walls from different species of Mycobacterium were purified on a sucrose step gradient. The components derived from these preparations were characterised by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by staining or by Western blotting. Surface-exposed polypeptide molecules were also iden...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-32-4-263
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aim. The aim of this work was to characterize the response of Candida albicans to atorvastatin, and to assess its in vivo antifungal capability.Methodology. The effect of atorvastatin on the growth and viability of C. albicans was assessed. The ability of the statin to alter cell permeability was quantified by measuri...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001065
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breast-fed infants are less susceptible to gastroenteritis than bottle-fed infants. Antibodies against rotavirus, the major pathogen of infantile gastroenteritis, were sought in human sera, colostrum and milk specimens by immunofluorescence. An experimental murine-rotavirus model was established by infecting the secon...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-11-1-25
更新日期:1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The susceptibility to teicoplanin, vancomycin and linezolid of 30 clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium was tested by Vitek 2, Phoenix, Etest, broth microdilution and disc diffusion tests. The vanA and vanB resistance genes and the 23S rRNA gene G2576T mutation were detected by PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively. Resi...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.016444-0
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two cases of severe community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia (CAP) admitted to our hospital within 24 h are described, both in young males. These two cases illustrate the usefulness of the British Thoracic Society severity criteria and serve to emphasize the importance of early recognition of adverse physiology in cr...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.05338-0
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The in vitro activity of voriconazole was compared with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against 270 clinical isolates of yeasts from the mouths of patients receiving palliative care for advanced cancer. A broth micro-dilution assay as described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards was empl...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45720-0
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brachyspira pilosicoli is a potentially zoonotic anaerobic intestinal spirochaete that is one of several species causing avian intestinal spirochaetosis. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible model of infection in point-of-lay chickens and compare the virulence of two strains of B. pilosicoli in a model ...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.052126-0
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of beneficial human vaginal lactobacilli (Lb) on urogenital pathogens through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Co-aggregative and antimicrobial properties between five vaginal Lb strains and urogenital pathogens or potential pathogens (Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphyl...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/jmm.0.069401-0
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of ethyleneglycoltetra-acetic acid (EGTA) and EGTA + magnesium (MgEGTA) on the viable counts of 10 strains of Escherichia coli O6 have been studied in normal human serum (NHS), heat-inactivated serum (HIS) and in culture media with and without the addition of a beta-lactam antibiotic. The addition of EGTA ...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-14-2-195
更新日期:1981-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The susceptibility of a strain of Giardia lamblia to benzimidazole carbamates, 5-nitroimidazoles, nitrofurans and other drugs was studied in vitro. Albendazole was the most active compound, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.01 mg/L and a minimal lethal concentration (MLC) of less than 0.04 mg/L; the IC50...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-37-3-221
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A rapid and simple method for counting viable bacteria is described. The technique involves the use of a semi-automatic micropipette and disposable glass-capillary tubes. Viable counts obtained by this method were not significantly different from those obtained by the Miles, Misra and Irwin method or by a pour-plate m...
journal_title:Journal of medical microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1099/00222615-11-4-541
更新日期:1978-11-01 00:00:00