Abstract:
:Inactivation of infectious viruses during drinking water treatment is usually achieved with free chlorine. Many drinking water utilities in the United States now use monochloramine as a secondary disinfectant to minimize disinfectant by-product formation and biofilm growth. The inactivation of human adenoviruses 2, 40, and 41 (HAdV2, HAdV40, and HAdV41), coxsackieviruses B3 and B5 (CVB3 and CVB5), echoviruses 1 and 11 (E1 and E11), and murine norovirus (MNV) are compared in this study. Experiments were performed with 0.2 mg of free chlorine or 1 mg of monochloramine/liter at pH 7 and 8 in buffered reagent-grade water at 5 degrees C. CT values (disinfectant concentration x time) for 2- to 4-log(10) (99 to 99.99%) reductions in virus titers were calculated by using the efficiency factor Hom model. The enteroviruses required the longest times for chlorine inactivation and MNV the least time. CVB5 required the longest exposure time, with CT values of 7.4 and 10 mg x min/liter (pH 7 and 8) for 4-log(10) inactivation. Monochloramine disinfection was most effective for E1 (CT values ranged from 8 to 18 mg x min/liter for 2- and 3-log(10) reductions, respectively). E11 and HAdV2 were the least susceptible to monochloramine disinfection (CT values of 1,300 and 1,600 mg-min/liter for 3-log(10) reductions, respectively). Monochloramine inactivation was most successful for the adenoviruses, CVB5, and E1 at pH 7. A greater variation in inactivation rates between viruses was observed during monochloramine disinfection than during chlorine disinfection. These data will be useful in drinking water risk assessment studies and disinfection system planning.
journal_name
Appl Environ Microbioljournal_title
Applied and environmental microbiologyauthors
Cromeans TL,Kahler AM,Hill VRdoi
10.1128/AEM.01342-09subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-02-01 00:00:00pages
1028-33issue
4eissn
0099-2240issn
1098-5336pii
AEM.01342-09journal_volume
76pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The form of a previously developed Bĕlehrádek type of growth rate model was used to develop a probability model for defining the growth/no growth interface as a function of temperature (10 to 37 degrees C), pH (pH 2.8 to 6.9), lactic acid concentration (0 to 500 mM), and water activity (0.955 to 0.999; NaCl was used a...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.64.5.1773-1779.1998
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Escherichia coli has been used as an indicator organism for fecal contamination of water and other environments and is often a commensal organism in healthy animals, yet a number of strains can cause disease in young or immunocompromised animals. In this study, 281 E. coli isolates from bovine, porcine, chicken, canin...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00726-10
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Across evolution, N-glycosylation involves oligosaccharyltransferases that transfer lipid-linked glycans to selected Asn residues of target proteins. While these enzymes catalyze similar reactions in each domain, differences exist in terms of the chemical composition, length and degree of phosphorylation of the lipid ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.03191-13
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The importance of viruses in aquatic ecosystem functioning has been widely described. However, few studies have examined tropical aquatic ecosystems. Here, we evaluated for the first time viruses and their relationship with other planktonic communities in an Amazonian freshwater ecosystem. Coupling between viruses and...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01161-10
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:The use of a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technique has identified the intraspecific genetic diversity of U.S. Flavobacterium psychrophilum, an important pathogen of salmonids worldwide. Prior to this analysis, little U.S. F. psychrophilum genetic information was known; this is of importance when consid...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00411-16
更新日期:2016-05-16 00:00:00
abstract::Yeast extract agar, pork infusion agar, and modifications of these media were used to recover heated Clostridium botulinum spores. The D- and z-values were determined. Two type A strains and one type B strain of C. botulinum were studied. In all cases the D-values were largest when the spores were recovered in yeast e...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.34.4.377-381.1977
更新日期:1977-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The most common source of Salmonella infections in humans is food of poultry origin. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis has a particular affinity for the contamination of the egg supply. In this study, the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), caproic, caprylic, and capric acid, were evaluated for the control of Salmo...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.70.6.3582-3587.2004
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The function of small secreted proteins (SSPs) in saprotrophic fungi is, for the most part, unknown. The white-rot mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus produces considerable amounts of SSPs at the onset of secondary metabolism, during colony development, and in response to chemical compounds such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural an...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00761-19
更新日期:2019-07-18 00:00:00
abstract::The world's largest outbreak of waterborne toxoplasmosis occurred in a municipality in the western Canadian province of British Columbia. When drinking water emerged as a possible source of infection during the outbreak investigation, a laboratory method was needed to attempt detection of the parasite, Toxoplasma gond...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.64.6.2278-2280.1998
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A biofilm-forming strain of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), isolated from a naturally occurring mixed biofilm and identified by 16S rDNA analysis as a strain of Desulfomicrobium norvegicum, rapidly removed 200 micro M selenite from solution during growth on lactate and sulfate. Elemental selenium and elemental sulfur...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.69.12.7063-7072.2003
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::From Bradyrhizobium japonicum highly reiterated sequence-possessing (HRS) strains indigenous to Niigata and Tokachi in Japan with high copy numbers of the repeated sequences RSalpha and RSbeta (K. Minamisawa, T. Isawa, Y. Nakatsuka, and N. Ichikawa, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1845-1851, 1998), several insertion sequ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.65.8.3493-3501.1999
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A xanthanase complex secreted by a consortium of heat-stable, salt-tolerant bacteria includes a lyase that specifically removes terminal pyruvated beta-d-mannose residues from the side chains of xanthan gum. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the culture broth following ion-exchange chromatography and gel per...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.57.9.2523-2528.1991
更新日期:1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies have shown that certain opportunistic pathogenic species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can be present in distributed drinking water. However, detailed information about NTM population composition in drinking water is lacking. Therefore, NTM communities in unchlorinated drinking water from the distributi...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01591-13
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::[This corrects the article on p. 662 in vol. 45.]. ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.45.6.1964-1964.1983
更新日期:1983-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A molecular method based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of PCR-amplified fragments of the 23S rRNA gene was designed to rapidly identify Listeria strains to the species level. Two fragments (S1, 460 bp, and S2, 890 bp) were amplified from boiled DNA. S2 was cut with the restriction enzymes XmnI or ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.69.11.6386-6392.2003
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Borrelia spirochetes in bird-feeding ticks were studied in the Czech Republic. During the postbreeding period (July to September 2005), 1,080 passerine birds infested by 2,240 Ixodes ricinus subadult ticks were examined. Borrelia garinii was detected in 22.2% of the ticks, Borrelia valaisiana was detected in 12.8% of ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01674-08
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cultures of rumen bacteria can be stored at -20 degrees C for at least 2 years in a liquid medium containing 20% glycerol. Thawing, sampling, and refreezing do not significantly affect viability. ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.44.2.499-501.1982
更新日期:1982-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of the present study was to develop a mathematical model of pathogenic bacterial inactivation kinetics in a gastric environment in order to further understand a part of the infectious dose-response mechanism. The major bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella s...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02139-10
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bacterial content of specially treated cottons used by other investigators to test human pulmonary responses to cotton dust was examined. Cotton from Lubbock, Tex. and Stoneville, Miss. were either (i) harvested by machine and handled as commercial bale cotton, (ii) harvested as closed bolls with bracts intact and...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.44.2.355-362.1982
更新日期:1982-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the mature dental biofilm composition is well studied, there is very little information on the earliest phase of in vivo tooth colonization. Progress in dental biofilm collection methodologies and techniques of large-scale microbial identification have made new studies in this field of oral biology feasible. ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.03984-15
更新日期:2016-01-08 00:00:00
abstract::Five different bacterial extracellular polymer extraction methods and a combination of two of these methods were compared on cultures of activated sludge, synthetic activated sludge, and Klebsiella aerogenes. High-speed centrifugation was the most effective extraction method for the K. aerogenes culture, based on the ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.40.2.179-185.1980
更新日期:1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Agromonas oligotrophica (Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum) S58(T) is a nitrogen-fixing oligotrophic bacterium isolated from paddy field soil that is able to grow in extra-low-nutrient environments. Here, the complete genome sequence of S58 was determined. The S58 genome was found to comprise a circular chromosome of 8,26...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00009-13
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A heat-stable extracellular protease from Pseudomonas fluorescens was purified by chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column and gel filtration on a Sephadex G100 column. The homogeneous enzyme preparation was used to prepare antiserum in rabbits. The rabbit antiserum was used to study the antigenic relatedness of prot...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.46.1.6-12.1983
更新日期:1983-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recalcitrance of xenobiotics may be caused by an absence of transforming enzymes or by their inability to enter microbial cells. A nondestructive method for differentiating between these two possibilities is described. The solid n-alkanes octadecane (C(18)) and hexatriacontane (C(36)) were encapsulated into phosph...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.55.2.269-274.1989
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fate of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in an activated-sludge system was investigated. No [14C]TNT could be detected in the contents of an aerated reactor after 3 to 5 days of incubation. No significant 14CO2 was formed, and the radioactivity was about equally divided between the floc and the supernatant....
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.35.5.949-954.1978
更新日期:1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A modified mariner transposon, miniHimar RB1, was generated to mutagenize cells of the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis. The use of this transposon led to the isolation of stable mutants and allowed rapid identification of disrupted genes. Fifty-eight mutants, including BG104 and BG148 with transposon in...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.71.8.4935-4937.2005
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long periods of experimental incubation with acetylene led to a multifold enhancement of acetylene-reducing activity in Anabaena cylindrica, Anabaenopsis circularis, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Azotobacter vinelandii. Rates of acetylene reduction showed a gradual increase and reached a peak after 2 to 6 h of continuous...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.34.6.640-646.1977
更新日期:1977-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::LeLoir glycosyltransferases are important biocatalysts for the production of glycosidic bonds in natural products, chiral building blocks, and pharmaceuticals. Trehalose transferase (TreT) is of particular interest since it catalyzes the stereo- and enantioselective α,α-(1→1) coupling of a nucleotide sugar donor and m...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.03084-18
更新日期:2019-04-04 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular tools that can provide an estimate of the in situ growth rate of Geobacter species could improve understanding of dissimilatory metal reduction in a diversity of environments. Whole-genome microarray analyses of a subsurface isolate of Geobacter uraniireducens, grown under a variety of conditions, identified...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.03263-12
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The structural gene coding for the lysine-sensitive aspartokinase II of the methylotrophic thermotolerant Bacillus sp. strain MGA3 was cloned from a genomic library by complementation of an Escherichia coli auxotrophic mutant lacking all three aspartokinase isozymes. The nucleotide sequence of the entire 2.2-kb PstI f...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.58.9.2806-2814.1992
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00