Abstract：
:Single-stranded RNA viruses encompass broad classes of infectious agents and cause the common cold, cancer, AIDS and other serious health threats. Viral replication is regulated at many levels, including the use of conserved genomic RNA structures. Most potential regulatory elements in viral RNA genomes are uncharacterized. Here we report the structure of an entire HIV-1 genome at single nucleotide resolution using SHAPE, a high-throughput RNA analysis technology. The genome encodes protein structure at two levels. In addition to the correspondence between RNA and protein primary sequences, a correlation exists between high levels of RNA structure and sequences that encode inter-domain loops in HIV proteins. This correlation suggests that RNA structure modulates ribosome elongation to promote native protein folding. Some simple genome elements previously shown to be important, including the ribosomal gag-pol frameshift stem-loop, are components of larger RNA motifs. We also identify organizational principles for unstructured RNA regions, including splice site acceptors and hypervariable regions. These results emphasize that the HIV-1 genome and, potentially, many coding RNAs are punctuated by previously unrecognized regulatory motifs and that extensive RNA structure constitutes an important component of the genetic code.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Watts JM,Dang KK,Gorelick RJ,Leonard CW,Bess JW Jr,Swanstrom R,Burch CL,Weeks KMdoi
10.1038/nature08237subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-08-06 00:00:00pages
711-6issue
7256eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature08237journal_volume
460pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:H-2 class I antigens appear to direct the recognition of virus-infected and neoplastic transformed cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Here, to identify the regions of class I antigens involved in CTL recognition, four hybrid class I genes were constructed in which exons were exchanged between the H-2Kb and H-2Db...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/309279a0
更新日期：1984-05-17 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07529-0
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Periodic somite segmentation in vertebrate embryos is controlled by the 'segmentation clock', which consists of numerous cellular oscillators. Although the properties of a single oscillator, driven by a hairy negative-feedback loop, have been investigated, the system-level properties of the segmentation clock remain l...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature04861
更新日期：2006-06-08 00:00:00
abstract：:In the few species of birds in which males form display partnerships to attract females, one male secures most or all of the copulations. This leads to the question of why subordinate males help in the absence of observable reproductive benefits. Hamilton's concept of kin selection, whereby individuals can benefit ind...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03325
更新日期：2005-03-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Nitrogen enrichment is widely thought to be responsible for the loss of plant species from temperate terrestrial ecosystems. This view is based on field surveys and controlled experiments showing that species richness correlates negatively with high productivity and nitrogen enrichment. However, as the type of nutrien...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03950
更新日期：2005-09-22 00:00:00
abstract：:DNA sequences containing the 5'-flanking regions of the insulin and chymotrypsin genes were linked to the coding sequence of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. The insulin gene recombinant elicits preferential expression of CAT activity when introduced into cells producing insulin; similarly, the chymot...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/306557a0
更新日期：1983-12-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Felsenstein's application of the bootstrap method to evolutionary trees is one of the most cited scientific papers of all time. The bootstrap method, which is based on resampling and replications, is used extensively to assess the robustness of phylogenetic inferences. However, increasing numbers of sequences are now ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-018-0043-0
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ferroelectrics have recently attracted attention as a candidate class of materials for use in photovoltaic devices, and for the coupling of light absorption with other functional properties. In these materials, the strong inversion symmetry breaking that is due to spontaneous electric polarization promotes the desirab...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12622
更新日期：2013-11-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Olefin chemistry, through pericyclic reactions, polymerizations, oxidations, or reductions, has an essential role in the manipulation of organic matter. Despite its importance, olefin synthesis still relies largely on chemistry introduced more than three decades ago, with metathesis being the most recent addition. Her...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature22307
更新日期：2017-05-11 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07268-2
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Global dust storms on Mars are rare1,2 but can affect the Martian atmosphere for several months. They can cause changes in atmospheric dynamics and inflation of the atmosphere3, primarily owing to solar heating of the dust3. In turn, changes in atmospheric dynamics can affect the distribution of atmospheric water vapo...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-1097-3
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Various mechanisms have been proposed for beta-adrenergically mediated relaxation of smooth muscle. All theories suggest the involvement of cyclic AMP as a second messenger: beta-agonists stimulate adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cyclic AMP and protein kinase, activated by cyclic AMP, is then thought to cataly...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/281682a0
更新日期：1979-10-25 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 评论,新闻
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07328-7
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stimuli-responsive hydrogels that undergo abrupt changes in volume in response to external stimuli such as pH, temperature and solvent composition have potential applications in biomedicine and the creation of 'intelligent' materials systems, for example as media for drug delivery, separation processes and protein imm...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/21619
更新日期：1999-06-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The process of DNA recognition by the activated form of the restriction endonuclease from E. coli K involves three enzyme-DNA complexes which can be differentiated experimentally. These are: an initial complex formed at a nonspecific site; a recognition complex involving the host specificity site; and a cleavage compl...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/256556a0
更新日期：1975-08-14 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery of intervening sequences (introns) in DNA led Gilbert and Tonegawa to suggest that a new protein could have been produced by bringing together certain segments of pre-existing ones. However, Blake argued that if DNA was so organized that coding sequences (exons) correspond to structural as well as functi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/291090a0
更新日期：1981-05-07 00:00:00
abstract：:In contrast to double-stranded DNA, there has so far been little evidence that double-stranded RNA can undergo major conformational transitions. We have investigated the conformation in different conditions of the double-stranded RNA molecule poly(G-C).poly(G-C), by NMR, circular dichroism and absorbance spectroscopy....
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/311584a0
更新日期：1984-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：:During wild-type development, a protein product of the Caenorhabditis elegans heterochronic gene lin-14 is localized to nuclei of specific somatic cells in embryos and early larvae, but is absent in late larvae and adult soma. Gain-of-function lin-14 mutations cause the level of lin-14 protein to remain high throughou...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/338313a0
更新日期：1989-03-23 00:00:00
abstract：:N-glycosylation of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a central role in protein quality control. Here we report that N-glycan serves as a signal for degradation by the Skp1-Cullin1-Fbx2-Roc1 (SCF(Fbx2)) ubiquitin ligase complex. The F-box protein Fbx2 (ref. 4) binds specifically to proteins attached to N-l...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature00890
更新日期：2002-07-25 00:00:00
abstract：:The observation that a few species in ecological communities are exceptionally abundant, whereas most are rare, prompted the development of species abundance models. Nevertheless, despite the large literature on the commonness and rarity of species inspired by these pioneering studies, some widespread empirical patter...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01547
更新日期：2003-04-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Introduced in its contemporary form in 1946 (ref. 1), but with roots that go back to the eighteenth century, the gravity law is the prevailing framework with which to predict population movement, cargo shipping volume and inter-city phone calls, as well as bilateral trade flows between nations. Despite its widespread ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10856
更新日期：2012-02-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurotransmitter/sodium symporters (NSSs) couple the uptake of neurotransmitter with one or more sodium ions, removing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. NSSs are essential to the function of chemical synapses, are associated with multiple neurological diseases and disorders, and are the targets of therapeutic ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09581
更新日期：2010-12-23 00:00:00
abstract：:How the brain selects appropriate sensory inputs and suppresses distractors is unknown. Given the well-established role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in executive function, its interactions with sensory cortical areas during attention have been hypothesized to control sensory selection. To test this idea and, more ge...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature15398
更新日期：2015-10-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The multi-disciplinary role of intermediate energy proton accelerators in pure and applied nuclear physics is discussed with particular reference to the experimental programmes at LAMPF (Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility) and SIN (Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research, Zurich). ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/270667a0
更新日期：1977-12-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) has integral roles in a variety of biological processes, including development, diabetes, and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. As such, a thorough understanding of GSK-3beta function will have a broad impact on human biology and therapeutics. Because GSK-3beta interact...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05557
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metformin is considered to be one of the most effective therapeutics for treating type 2 diabetes because it specifically reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis without increasing insulin secretion, inducing weight gain or posing a risk of hypoglycaemia. For over half a century, this agent has been prescribed to patients wit...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13270
更新日期：2014-06-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Phosphorylation of membrane components is thought to be an important process in membrane function. Phosphorylated proteins and a special class of phospholipids, the (poly)phosphoinositides (poly PI), are implicated in the regulation of membrane permeability and synaptic transmission in neurones. For many years, protei...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/286623a0
更新日期：1980-08-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurons in the brain behave as nonlinear oscillators, which develop rhythmic activity and interact to process information. Taking inspiration from this behaviour to realize high-density, low-power neuromorphic computing will require very large numbers of nanoscale nonlinear oscillators. A simple estimation indicates t...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature23011
更新日期：2017-07-26 00:00:00
abstract：:The hope that hybridoma antibodies would reveal unique cell surface antigens during embryogenesis, differentiation and oncogenesis has been replaced by the realization that such antigens are mainly carbohydrate structures of glycoproteins and glycolipids occurring in many cell types. These findings either may reflect ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/314053a0
更新日期：1985-03-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite active transport into Earth's mantle, water has been present on our planet's surface for most of geological time. Yet water disappeared from the Martian surface soon after its formation. Although some of the water on Mars was lost to space via photolysis following the collapse of the planet's magnetic field, t...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature25031
更新日期：2017-12-20 00:00:00
