Abstract：
:Local anesthetics effectively block and relieve pain, but with a relatively short duration of action, limiting its analgesic effectiveness. Therefore, a long-acting local anesthetic would improve the management of pain, but no such agent is yet available for clinical use. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potentiation of the anesthetic effect of neosaxitoxin, with bupivacaine or epinephrine in a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ten healthy males were subcutaneously injected into the left and right forearms with a randomized pair of the following treatments: (i) bupivacaine (5 mg); (ii) neosaxitoxin (10 microg); (iii) neosaxitoxin (10 microg) plus bupivacaine (5 mg), and (iv) neosaxitoxin (10 microg) plus epinephrine (1:100.000), but all participant received all four formulations (in 2 ml; s.c.), with 1 month elapsing between the two round of experiments. A validated sensory and pain paradigm was used for evaluating the effect of the treatment 0-72 h after the injections, measuring sensory, pain, and mechanical touch perception threshold. The duration of the effect produced by combined treatments was longer than that by the single drugs. In conclusion, bupivacaine and epinephrine potentiate the local anesthetic effect of neosaxitoxin in humans when co-injected subcutaneously. The present results support the idea that neosaxitoxin is a new long-acting local pain blocker, with highly potential clinical use.
journal_name
Neurotox Resjournal_title
Neurotoxicity researchauthors
Rodriguez-Navarro AJ,Lagos M,Figueroa C,Garcia C,Recabal P,Silva P,Iglesias V,Lagos Ndoi
10.1007/s12640-009-9092-3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-11-01 00:00:00pages
408-15issue
4eissn
1029-8428issn
1476-3524journal_volume
16pub_type
临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验abstract：:Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been used clinically since 1980, with an ever-increasing range of clinical applications. This has coincided with a period of massively expanded interest in the underlying biology of the neurotoxin. Tremendous advances have taken place in the scientific understanding of neurotoxin struct...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：:To determine whether noradrenergic nerves might have a modulatory role on the sensitivity or reactivity of histaminergic receptor systems in brain, behavioral effects of the respective histamine H1, H2 and H3 antagonists S(+)chlorpheniramine, cimetidine and thioperimide in control adult rats were compared to the effec...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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abstract：:Using positron emission tomography (PET), a profound alteration of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) was found in human smoking addiction and abstinence. As human PET data either reflect the impact of chronic nicotine exposure or a pre-existing vulnerability to nicotine addiction, we designed a preclinica...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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abstract：:Epileptic seizures in diabetic hyperglycemia (DH) are not uncommon. This study aimed to determine the acute behavioral, pathological, and electrophysiological effects of status epilepticus (SE) on diabetic animals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were first divided into groups with and without streptozotocin (STZ)-indu...
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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doi：10.1007/s12640-016-9613-9
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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abstract：:In preterm infants, phenobarbital is the first-line antiepileptic drug for neonatal seizures while caffeine is used for the treatment of apnea. Data from experimental animals suggest that phenobarbital and other anticonvulsants are toxic for the developing brain, while neuroprotective effects have been reported for ca...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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abstract：:Ketamine is widely used as an anesthetic in pediatric clinical practice. However, numerous studies have reported that exposure to ketamine during the developmental period induces neurotoxicity. Here we investigate the neuroprotective effects of baicalin, a natural flavonoid compound, against ketamine-induced apoptotic...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
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