Abstract：
BACKGROUND:The Waterlow scale is one of the pressure ulcer risk assessment scales which are frequently criticised for their low reliability. It is widely used in the United Kingdom, Europe and all over the world. OBJECTIVES:The study objectives were to systematically review and evaluate inter- and intrarater reliability and/or agreement of the whole Waterlow scale and its single items. The overall aim was to find out if the Waterlow scale is applicable to daily clinical practice. DESIGN:Systematic review. DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE (1985-June 2008), EMBASE (1985-June 2008), CINAHL (1985-June 2008) and World Wide Web. REVIEW METHODS:Selections of relevant studies, data extractions, recalculations of reliability and agreement coefficients, and study quality assessments were independently conducted by two researchers. Designs, methods and results of relevant studies were systematically described, compared and interpreted. RESULTS:Eight research reports were identified containing the results of nine inter- and intrarater reliability and agreement studies. Only three studies were considered as high quality studies. The Waterlow scale in clinical practice was examined in four studies. Interrater agreement for the total score varied between 0% and 57%. Taking into account any differences of up to two points the total score agreement increased to up to 86%. Median ranges of differences among raters scoring single items were high for 'poor nutrition', 'skin type', and 'mobility'. Recalculated intrarater reliability for one researcher was ICC(2,1)=0.97 (95% C.I. 0.94-0.98). CONCLUSIONS:Empirical evidence is rare regarding reliability and agreement among nurses when using the Waterlow scale in clinical practice. Interrater agreement for the total score is comparable to other pressure ulcer risk assessment scales. The interrater reliability has never been examined. Therefore, evaluation of reliability and agreement and evaluation of the applicability of the Waterlow scale to clinical practice are limited. It is very likely that the items 'poor nutrition', 'mobility', and 'skin type' are the most difficult items to rate.
journal_name
Int J Nurs Studjournal_title
International journal of nursing studiesauthors
Kottner J,Dassen T,Tannen Adoi
10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.09.010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-03-01 00:00:00pages
369-79issue
3eissn
0020-7489issn
1873-491Xpii
S0020-7489(08)00249-6journal_volume
46pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:Systematic reviews of literature are increasingly important in healthcare. While reviewers are expected to follow reporting guidelines, inconsistencies may be observed in presentation of reviews, potentially detracting from the credibility of findings. Predetermined eligibility criteria are fundamental to th...
journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.02.002
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abstract：BACKGROUND:Follow-up care and surveillance are essential components of colorectal cancer survivorship. However, the relative contribution of healthcare experiences to quality of life in cancer survivorship is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES:This study explores associations between colorectal cancer survivors' healthcare...
journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
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journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
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abstract：BACKGROUND:Stress in nursing students may be related to attrition from nursing programmes and lead to a shortage of nurses entering clinical careers. In addition, stress leads to psychological morbidity which may have profound adverse consequences for individual nursing students. OBJECTIVES:To follow a cohort of nursi...
journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
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journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
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journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：BACKGROUND:Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are a common vascular access device used in clinical practice. Their use may be complicated by adverse events such as venous thromboembolism (VTE). The size of the vein used for PICC insertion and thus the catheter to vein ratio is thought to be a controllable ...
journal_title：International journal of nursing studies
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.12.002
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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