Abstract:
:Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are well- established and indispensable imaging modalities in modern medicine. State-of-the-art computed tomography (CT) scanners have now been integrated into multi-modality PET-CT and SPECT-CT devices, and these devices, particularly PET-CT scanners, are dramatically impacting clinical practice. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), by far the most widely used radiopharmaceutical for clinical PET imaging in general and oncologic PET imaging in particular, is highly accurate in detecting (approximately 90%) and staging many types of tumors, monitoring therapy response, and differentiating benign from malignant lesions. Several factors, including the relatively high administered activities [e.g., 370-740 MBq (10-20 mCi) of FDG], the high patient throughput (up to 30 patients per d), and in particular, the uniquely high energies (for a diagnostic setting) of the 511-keV positron-negatron annihilation photons, make shielding requirements, workflow, and other radiation protection issues important considerations in the design of a PET or PET-CT facility. The Report of Task Group 108 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) provides a comprehensive summary of shielding design and related considerations, along with illustrative calculations. Whether in the form of a PET-CT or a SPECT-CT device, the introduction of CT scanners into a nuclear medicine setting has created new and complex radiation protection issues concerning the radiation burden and attendant risks accrued by patients undergoing such multi-modality procedures (especially in those instances in which higher-dose, diagnostic-quality CT studies are done as part of the PET-CT or SPECT-CT exam). In addition, because PET is dependent on the availability of short-lived 18F (Tp = 110 min) primarily in the form of FDG, and other short-lived positron emitters such as 11C (20 min), 13N (10 min), and 15O (2 min), cyclotrons for production of medically applied radionuclides and associated radiochemistry facilities are now widespread (well over 100 worldwide) and present their own radiation safety issues. In addition to the radioactive product, sources of exposure include neutrons and radioactive activation products in the various cyclotron components and surrounding shielding. Nonetheless, published studies have shown that the radiation doses to personnel working in cyclotron and associated radiochemistry facilities, as well as in PET or PET-CT and SPECT or SPECT-CT facilities, can be maintained below, and generally well below, the pertinent regulatory limits. This presentation will review the basic radiation safety aspects, including shielding and workflow, of these increasingly important and increasingly numerous facilities. The radiation burden accrued by the patients undergoing PET-CT or SPECT-CT exams will be considered as well.
journal_name
Health Physjournal_title
Health physicsauthors
Zanzonico P,Dauer L,St Germain Jdoi
10.1097/01.HP.0000327651.15794.f7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-11-01 00:00:00pages
554-70issue
5eissn
0017-9078issn
1538-5159pii
00004032-200811000-00014journal_volume
95pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
HEALTH PHYSICS文献大全abstract::The natural radioactivity in some rock samples in Ikogosi-Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria, has been measured using a very sensitive gamma spectroscopic system consisting of a 76 mm x 76 mm NaI(TI) scintillation detector system coupled to a versatile Canberra Series 10 plus multichannel analyzer. The average concentrations...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-200008000-00013
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In situ recovery or in situ leach (ISR/ISL) uranium facilities, also referred to in the past as "uranium solution mining" have operated since the late 1960s in the US and in recent years have accounted for over 70% of US production and, internationally, approximately half of worldwide uranium supplies. Note that throu...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000001062
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the summers of 1990 and 1991, outdoor 222Rn detectors were installed for 3 mo in 78 communities across Canada. The 1990 measurements showed large regional variations with the average outdoor levels for the provinces of Manitoba (59 Bq m-3) and Saskatchewan (61 Bq m-3) exceeding the average indoor levels of 55 Bq m-...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199402000-00009
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Assessing risk from manmade and naturally occurring radionuclides in the environment has long been of primary interest in radiation protection. Early investigations and decisions relied on direct measurements of radiation in environmental media; however, these techniques were inadequate for determining exposure to hum...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198808000-00027
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sandia National Laboratories' Z-Machine is the world's most powerful electrical device, and experiments have been conducted that make it the world's most powerful radiation source. Because Z-Machine is used for research, an assortment of materials can be placed into the machine; these materials can be subjected to a r...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0b013e31827126f1
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper describes a program of laboratory and field studies undertaken to assess the health impact of radioactive debris from the re-entry of the Soviety nuclear-powered satellite, Cosmos 954, on 24 January 1978. It was estimated that about one-quarter of the reactor core descended over Canada's Northwest Territori...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198408000-00001
更新日期:1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reliable radon laboratory operations motivated the construction of three radon gas calibration chambers. One chamber is used for background calibrations while the other two cover a radon gas concentration range of 110 to >5,550 Bq m(-3) (3-150 pCi L(-1)). The chambers entered commercial service, for tertiary radon cal...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.HP.0000267006.55621.2f
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The kinetics with which tritiated thymidine is eliminated from birds and the concentration of radioactivity remaining in the carcass after 350-430 h were measured. Birds injected with tritiated thymidine eliminated 98% of the radioactivity injected within 28 h. Ninety-eight percent was identified in the excreta, and l...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199704000-00017
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Large amounts of radioiodines were released into the atmosphere during the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on 26 April 1986. In order to investigate whether the thyroid cancers observed among children in Belarus could have been caused by radiation exposures from the Chernobyl accident, a team of Belarusi...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-200406000-00002
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study reports measurements of the skin surface temperature elevations during localized irradiation (94 GHz) of three species: rat (irradiated on lower abdomen), rhesus monkey (posterior forelimb), and human (posterior forearm). Two exposure conditions were examined: prolonged, low power density microwaves (LPM) a...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-200305000-00006
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Soil permeability to air can increase substantially with measurement length scale. We tested the hypothesis that the scale effect could resolve large model underpredictions of radon and soil-gas entry into two experimental basement structures located in natural sandy-loam soil at a field site in Ben Lomond, CA. Previo...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199908000-00008
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Power-frequency (50/60 Hz) magnetic fields produced by electric blankets are estimated from data on blanket design using a three-dimensional computer model. Maximum, minimum, and volume-average fields within human forms are presented as a function of blanket type and a number of geometric factors including body size, ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199004000-00012
更新日期:1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mixed radioactive and chemical wastes generated by biomedical research were characterized, and various treatment methods for reducing their volume were evaluated. These wastes consist primarily of organic solvents used in the extraction and purification of radiolabeled biomolecules that are contaminated with low level...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199109000-00014
更新日期:1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Consideration of the equilibrium factor F between the concentration of the radon daughters and the concentration of radon is a part of the evaluation of the measurements of radon daughter concentrations in dwellings when applying limits. Measurements of radon, radon daughters and air exchange rates have been carried o...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198308000-00021
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accidents involving exposure to radiation or radioactive materials may involve an unusual degree of emotional trauma. Methods that may be employed in dealing with such trauma are discussed in relation to a specific accident in which a radiation worker was injured and seriously contaminated with 241Am. ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198310000-00004
更新日期:1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this statement, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) presents its principles for protection against adverse health effects from exposure to non-ionizing radiation. These are based upon the principles for protection against ionizing radiation of the International Commission for ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000001252
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nineteen UF6/UO2F2 inhalation studies were undertaken in purebred, female beagle dogs (N = 16) to examine inter alia, (a) the possible relations of exposure, whole body, lung and renal uranium levels to excretion rates; (b) the threshold U6+ dose and renal concentration for renal injury; (c) the distribution and reten...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198212000-00008
更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nuclear weapons testing was conducted in the atmosphere at numerous sites worldwide between 1946 and 1980, which resulted in exposures to local populations as a consequence of fallout of radioactive debris. The nuclear tests were conducted by five nations (United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, and China...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00004032-200205000-00016
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Open-faced and diffusion-barrier charcoal canisters were individually exposed to a fixed temperature, humidity, and radon concentration in a chamber for a period of 7 d. The radon progeny activity in the canister under study was measured every 3 h. A total of 15 runs were made for the open-faced canisters and nine run...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199401000-00009
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Real-time data measurement and analysis have identified a number of influences affecting the variability and accumulation of radon and its progeny in indoor air. Observed cycles in radon concentrations were shown to be related to the influence of air-conditioning and water-heated central heating systems. The cyclical ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199911000-00010
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gamma-ray spectra were measured from Scottish heather honey samples gathered from hive locations with associated airborne gamma-ray survey data. The honeys all contained radiocesium, with activity concentrations ranging from 43-680 Bq kg(-1) 137Cs, and 134Cs/137Cs ratios consistent with Chernobyl deposition. Activity ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199910000-00011
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three models for the biodistribution and dosimetry of 82Rb-chloride were reviewed and a proposal is made for the best dosimetry for this agent to be adopted. Data from three proposed biokinetic models for 82Rb-chloride were used to calculate dose estimates for the compound, and the results were compared. The blood con...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0b013e3181e47b33
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1980, the NCRP formed Scientific Committee 66 with an assignment to address the subject of "biological effects of ultrasound and exposure criteria." It was recognized that the primary source of exposure to ultrasound was through medical applications and, especially, through procedures employing diagnostic ultrasoun...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type:
doi:10.1097/00004032-200205000-00004
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calculations of Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (CEDE) due to inhalation using four of the five methods suggested in the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 8.34 (1992a) were performed to determine if any significant differences in the calculated value of the CEDE exist for typical power p...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199411000-00004
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The operational radiation protection issues associated with the Z-Machine accelerator located at Sandia National Laboratories are large: a variety of materials can be placed into the machine; these materials can be subjected to a variety of nuclear reactions, producing a variety of activation products. Without full un...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.HP.0000253937.78314.e6
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The terrestrial gamma radiation level was determined throughout the Sultanate of Oman over a 3-y period. The dose rate at 1 m above the ground was measured at 512 locations using a compensated Geiger-Miller detector. The activity concentration of soil/rock samples, collected from 112 locations, was determined by gamma...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-200206000-00016
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper provides a review and reanalysis of data relating to gastrointestinal (GI) uptake of uranium in humans. Estimates of GI uptake of uranium in adult humans have been derived from results of three controlled experimental studies involving short-term oral intake of an elevated quantity of uranium in fluids, fro...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00004032-199504000-00005
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The radiological consequences of using fly ash as a component of cement are discussed. Measurements of the activity concentrations of the fly ash and cement are reported together with measurements of emanation coefficients and exhalation rates. The radon-exhalation rate was found to be significantly lower in concrete ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198302000-00005
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::An evaluation of available personnel monitoring data and radium body burden records of dial painters handling an annual average of 1.5 Ci of radium indicates that they received an average of about 2 rem/person whole body exposure, 3 rem to the lungs from radon inhalation and 0.2 rad to the bone from radium body burden...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198305000-00004
更新日期:1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Storage of radon-producing material in two silos and two waste pits is one of the major environmental and occupational issues at a former uranium production facility, now a Superfund site. In addition, up to 100 metric tons of thorium is stored on the northeast side of the site. Concentrations of radium up to 17,600 B...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199805000-00004
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00