Abstract:
:Throughout 53 years of operations, an estimated 29,300 TBq of tritium were released to the atmosphere at the Livermore site of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL); about 75% of this was released as tritium gas primarily in two accidental releases. A tritium dose reconstruction was undertaken to chronicle both the annual doses to the public for each year of operations and the doses from seven accidental releases. Although LLNL has always reported releases and calculated doses in compliance with regulatory requirements, annual doses were not calculated prior to 1973, and the only dose reported from an accidental release was that in 1970. Annual doses (means and 95% confidence intervals) for 1953 through 2005 to the most exposed members of the public were calculated using the same equilibrium dose model and assumptions. From 1973 through 2005, predicted tritium concentrations in air were compared with observed mean annual concentrations at one location, and predicted doses were compared with those reported by LLNL. A mean dose with 95% confidence interval was also calculated for each accidental release using an equation derived from extensive experience with a dynamic process-oriented model. Predicted air concentrations were overestimated, on average, by a factor of 1.6, 70% of the doses reported by LLNL in annual compliance documents fell within the predicted confidence intervals, and all predicted doses from routine and accidental releases were well below regulatory limits. The highest annual mean dose to an adult was 34 microSv in 1957; the highest dose from an accidental release was 330 microSv in 1954.
journal_name
Health Physjournal_title
Health physicsauthors
Peterson SRdoi
10.1097/01.HP.0000310998.38314.f3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-08-01 00:00:00pages
190-202issue
2eissn
0017-9078issn
1538-5159pii
00004032-200808000-00002journal_volume
95pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
HEALTH PHYSICS文献大全abstract::Storage of radon-producing material in two silos and two waste pits is one of the major environmental and occupational issues at a former uranium production facility, now a Superfund site. In addition, up to 100 metric tons of thorium is stored on the northeast side of the site. Concentrations of radium up to 17,600 B...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199805000-00004
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A new type of soil sampling protocol is suggested which has applicability to surveys of environmental radioactivity. Often there is a higher concentration of radionuclides in the lower B horizon than in the upper A horizon of well-drained, well-developed soils. It is recommended that soils be sampled pedologically, i....
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199509000-00015
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::After the release of radioactive materials from a large radiological dispersal device (e.g., dirty bomb), improvised nuclear detonation, or nuclear power plant accident, up to hundreds of square miles may be contaminated. A portion of this area will be evacuated; however, people living in the portion that is not evacu...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000000101
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Open-faced and diffusion-barrier charcoal canisters were individually exposed to a fixed temperature, humidity, and radon concentration in a chamber for a period of 7 d. The radon progeny activity in the canister under study was measured every 3 h. A total of 15 runs were made for the open-faced canisters and nine run...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199401000-00009
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bovine thyroid glands from different countries in Europe and human thyroid glands from Lower Saxony (Federal Republic of Germany) show isotopic 129I/127I ratios of 2.1 X 10(-9) to 8.2 X 10(-8) for cattle and 2.1 X 10(-9) to 8 X 10(-8) in humans. These values give information about the concentration of fallout 129I in ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199005000-00006
更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper demonstrates the utility of a portable alpha Continuous Air Monitor (CAM) as a bench top scalar counter for multiple sample types. These include using the CAM to count fixed air sample filters and radiological smears. In counting radiological smears, the CAM is used very much like a gas flow proportional co...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.hp.0000156959.35525.57
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Röntgen's description of his discovery of x rays was convincing and comprehensive. The response of the scientific community and public was immediate and intense. In contrast, the discovery of radioactivity was a muddled affair that excited little interest. While it would prove far more revolutionary than that of x ray...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199605000-00001
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The current feasibility of protecting emergency responders through bone marrow selective shielding is highlighted in the recent OECD/NEA report on severe accident management. Until recently, there was no effective personal protection from externally penetrating gamma radiation. In Chernobyl, first-responders wore make...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000000688
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine the volume reduction potential for incineration of radioactivity in low-level radioactive waste, an incineration experiment was performed at the Okayama University Radioisotope Center (OURIC). Solid low-level radioactive samples (LLRS) were prepared for 15 routinely used radionuclides (45Ca, 1251, 32p, 33...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-200008001-00009
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A model is presented to analyze the retention of Pu in the major deposition organs of the beagle dog and predict the dynamic behavior of skeletal labels. The kinetic part describing the gross organ distribution was represented by a compartment model. A fit to empirical retention equations of liver and skeleton yielded...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198909000-00011
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Assessing risk from manmade and naturally occurring radionuclides in the environment has long been of primary interest in radiation protection. Early investigations and decisions relied on direct measurements of radiation in environmental media; however, these techniques were inadequate for determining exposure to hum...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198808000-00027
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Continuously repeated or frequent periodic measurements of the radiation environment in the absence of an identified source of ionizing radiation provide large data sets on the ambient background. Statistical evaluation of these data allows for the identification and quantification of the relevant background distribut...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0b013e318279f3a5
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lymphoid lineage recovery and involution after exposure to potentially lethal doses of ionizing radiation have not been well defined, especially the long-term effects in aged survivors and with regard to male/female differences. To examine these questions, male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to lethal radiation ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000001352
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are well- established and indispensable imaging modalities in modern medicine. State-of-the-art computed tomography (CT) scanners have now been integrated into multi-modality PET-CT and SPECT-CT devices, and these devices, partic...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.HP.0000327651.15794.f7
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radiopharmaceutical therapy involves the use of radionuclides that are either conjugated to tumor-targeting agents (e.g., nanoscale constructs, antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) or that concentrate in tumors through natural physiological mechanisms that occur predominantly in neoplastic cells. In the latter c...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000001000
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radon progeny are positively charged immediately after formation. A negatively charged electret collects radon progeny atoms which are produced in the diffusion chamber. The detector sensitivity may be increased by using an electret in front of solid state nuclear track detector. Dependence of detection sensitivity on...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199512000-00008
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because of fast growing medical radiation use, estimating possible late health effects of radiation, including potential cancer risk, is an issue of substantial interest. Since physicians make the decision to order or perform a radiological procedure, it is very important to provide them with objective information abo...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0b013e31825c179f
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This work was directed towards an assessment of alpha/beta separation, alpha detection efficiency, energy resolution, quench sensitivity, and background count rate for four commercially available liquid scintillation cocktails using a Wallac 1415 liquid scintillation counter. The four cocktails were Wallac Oy OptiPhas...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199601000-00007
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper details the construction of a 137Cs gamma calibration curve that has been established for dicentric assay and the testing and validation of the curve through biological dosimetry in three situations of suspected workplace overexposure that arose accidentally or through negligence or lack of appropriate safe...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/HP.0b013e3181ab3ccf
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uptake of 226Ra, 232Th, 230Th, and 228Th from water, sediment, and diet sources to bone and muscle of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) was studied in sixteen lakes in the uranium-mining district of Ontario, Canada. Fish tissues did not increase linearly with environmental concentrations. The best relationship app...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199709000-00007
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper describes an investigation into the distribution of radiation doses to workers, undertaken at the request of ICRP Committee 4. Three main questions are considered. Firstly, the distribution of annual doses to workers is described. Doses are generally well below the ICRP dose limits and most are below 15 mSv...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198611000-00002
更新日期:1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The data presented show early results from a longitudinal survey of "therapeutic" ultrasonic instrument performance in clinical physiotherapy. Previous studies undertaken in North America and the United Kingdom have shown that these units tend not to be scientifically tested and recalibrated, and have been found to ha...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198209000-00007
更新日期:1982-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The "radon emanation" method of analysis for Rn and Ra in natural waters has been used by scientists for more than 30 years. We have examined the use of a new plastic bottle design as a viable option and improvement to traditional glass designs. The advantages of the new design over that used previously in our laborat...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The (241)Am contents in the United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries' (USTUR) case 0102 leg phantom were previously estimated to be 1,243 ± 11 Bq. Recent analysis of the computed tomography images of the phantom revealed multiple bone structures missing from various regions of the phantom skeleton including: ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/hp.0b013e318269bf81
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patient exposure to medical and dental x rays has long been of interest to the radiological health community. With the cooperation of state and local agencies and professional groups, the Center for Devices and Radiological Health has conducted three major surveys of patient exposure to x rays. The latest of these sur...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uranium concentration in drinking water samples collected from some areas of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh has been measured using a laser induced fluorimetry technique. The sources of water comprise hand pumps and tube wells. Uranium concentration in the water samples from Punjab varies from 1.39 +/- 0.16 to 98.25 +/- ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.HP.0000202233.64500.89
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radon exposure is associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer, and elevated levels may be found in as many as 1 out of 15 homes. The U.S. EPA recommends testing homes for radon and mitigating over the advisory level of 4 picocuries per liter (4 pCi L(-1), or 148 Bq m(-3)). A sample population from a list of ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.HP.0000254862.50407.4a
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nineteen UF6/UO2F2 inhalation studies were undertaken in purebred, female beagle dogs (N = 16) to examine inter alia, (a) the possible relations of exposure, whole body, lung and renal uranium levels to excretion rates; (b) the threshold U6+ dose and renal concentration for renal injury; (c) the distribution and reten...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-198212000-00008
更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Considering that in 1899 neither biotechnology nor the electronic revolution were foreseen, some humility might be advisable when one looks into the crystal ball for the future role of radiation sources. In the past 50 years, nuclear medicine, nuclear weapons, and nuclear power have had a huge impact in the world. In ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-200104000-00008
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 2005, the Health Physics Society celebrates its 50th anniversary. During its half century of existence, the Society has evolved from a small group of operationally oriented radiation protection scientists into an organization of several thousand with a recognized and respected peer reviewed journal. The bold decisi...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00