Abstract：
SUMMARY:Interleukin-21 (IL-21) belongs to a family of cytokines that includes IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, all of which bind to private (or shared) receptors as well as the common cytokine receptor gamma-chain as a component. Most cytokines in this family are critically important for both the maintenance and function of T cells and B cells. The receptor for IL-21 is widely distributed on lymphohematopoietic cells, and IL-21 plays many biologic roles, including maintenance and function of CD8(+) memory T cells and natural killer cells, as well as promoting the generation of Th17 cells in the mouse. One principal non-redundant role of IL-21 is the promotion of B-cell activation, differentiation or death during humoral immune responses. Furthermore, increased IL-21 production is characteristic of certain autoimmune diseases and is likely to contribute to autoantibody production as well as pathologic features of autoimmune disease. In contrast, IL-21 may function as a co-adjuvant to enhance antibody responses and thereby facilitate host defense to malignances and infectious diseases. The critical role of IL-21 in promoting humoral immune responses makes it an important focus of potential therapeutic interventions in conditions characterized by either overproduction of pathogenic autoantibodies or under production of protective antibodies.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Ettinger R,Kuchen S,Lipsky PEdoi
10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00631.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-06-01 00:00:00pages
60-86eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xpii
IMR631journal_volume
223pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Cells of the monocyte/macrophage system originate from the bone marrow, reach the organs via the blood, immigrate through postcapillary venules and further differentiate into organ-specific tissue macrophages. In rats and other species, activated monocytes/macrophages aggravate autoimmune reactions, rejection of non-v...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
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更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
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更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
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更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00921.x
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12146
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00152.x
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 share a common chain. Yet, their production in response to pathogens is differentially regulated, and their functions are distinct and often antithetic. IL-12 is involved in the induction or amplification of the T-helper (Th) type 1 response, whereas IL-23 has been associated with the ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00700.x
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammation underpins the development of atherosclerosis. Initiation and progression of vascular inflammation involves a complex cellular network, with macrophages as major contributors. Activated macrophages produce proinflammatory mediators, bridge innate and adaptive immunity, regulate lipid retention, and partici...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00554.x
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the discovery that the recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins were capable of transposition in vitro, investigators have been trying to uncover instances of transposition in vivo and understand how this transposase has been harnessed to do useful work while being inhibited from causing deleterious chromoso...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00161.x
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammasome biology is one of the most exciting and rapidly growing areas in immunology. Over the past 10 years, inflammasomes have been recognized for their roles in the host defense against invading pathogens and in the development of cancer, auto-inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Assembly of...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A key unresolved challenge for developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the discovery of strategies to elicit immune responses that are able to cross-protect against a significant fraction of the diverse viruses that are circulating worldwide. Here, we summarize some of the immunological implications of HIV-1 diversit...
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更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
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更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
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更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
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更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)/interleukin-12 (IL-12) pathway is a pivotal player in the immune system and is central to controlling mycobacterial infections. We highlight the most recent and relevant advances in understanding this pathway and their repercussions on basic and clinical science. Human mutations in IFN...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activities of the immune system in repairing tissue injury and combating pathogens were long thought to be independent of the nervous system. However, a major regulatory role of immunomodulatory molecules released locally or systemically by the neuroendocrine system has recently emerged. A number of observations a...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Clarifying the signals that lead to dendritic cell (DC) development and identifying cellular intermediates on their way to DC differentiation are essential steps to understand the dynamic regulation of number, localization, and functionality of these cells. In the past decade, much knowledge on cytokines, transcriptio...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00877.x
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
