Abstract:
:Lichen secondary metabolites putatively protect lichens from a variety of environmental stress factors, but it is unknown whether these substances respond to air pollution. To assess such a possibility, the three major phenolics of two epiphytic lichen species with contrasting tolerance to chronic air pollution from Mexico City were studied by combining experimental reactivity data and measured field contents. The antioxidant activity and antiradical power of boninic (BO), 2-O-methylsekikaic (MA), and usnic (US) acids, isolated from the tolerant Ramalina asahinae and salazinic acid (SA), atranorin (AT), and chloroatranorin (CA), from the sensitive Parmotrema stuppeum, were determined in vitro by kinetic experiments with ozone and the free radical diphenyl picryl hidrazyl (DPPH*), respectively. In addition, the field contents of these phenolics in the lichens, and the potential antioxidant capacity (PAC) they provide, were compared among three forested sites exposed to urban emissions and a similar, relatively clean site. The six phenolics had antioxidant activity and antiradical power according to these trends: CA > AT > US > SA > or = BO > or = MA for O(3); and CA > AT > US > MA > SA = BO for DPPH*. The three most reactive phenolics are cortical compounds, located in the lichen portion most exposed to the surrounding environment. In contrast, the less reactive SA, BO, and MA are medullary. Such reactivity patterns indicate that some phenolics may provide antioxidative protection at the air-lichen interface. The higher antioxidant power of CA and AT may be due to the reactive hydroxyl groups at positions 2 and 4 of ring A, instead of the less reactive methoxyl at the same positions in both BO and MA. In the field comparisons, total quantified phenolics were significantly higher near Mexico City for both lichens, except for the tolerant R. asahinae at one site. Nevertheless, only the latter species had significantly increased PAC values at all sites near the city. This result is explained by species-dependent changes in individual phenolics. At the polluted sites, R. asahinae had consistently higher contents of its most reactive phenolic, US, with values approximately twice that of the control site. In contrast, P. stuppeum only increased its less reactive SA (26-35%), but this was counteracted by CA and, to a lesser extent, AT degradation. Thus, the substantial increase in US at the polluted sites appears to be associated with the current ecological success of R. asahinae near the city. On the other hand, the inability of P. stuppeum to overcome degradation of its most reactive phenolic (CA) at the same sites seems to partially explain the declining status of this lichen. These results provide evidence for a protective mechanism in lichens against air pollution based on secondary metabolites, which may eventually determine which species survive in forests stressed by oxidative air pollution.
journal_name
J Chem Ecoljournal_title
Journal of chemical ecologyauthors
Valencia-Islas N,Zambrano A,Rojas JLdoi
10.1007/s10886-007-9330-1subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-08-01 00:00:00pages
1619-34issue
8eissn
0098-0331issn
1573-1561journal_volume
33pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Phytotoxicity-directed extraction and fractionation of the aerial parts of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. led to the isolation and identification of three sesquiterpenoids: dihydromikanolide, deoxymikanolide, and 2,3-epoxy-1-hydroxy-4,9-germacradiene-12,8:15,6-diolide. These sesquiterpenoids inhibited both germination and s...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-005-5805-0
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::To evaluate methods for promoting consumption of tamarisk plants by beavers (Castor canadensis), we determined the feeding responses by captive beavers to diets that contained tannins and sodium chloride (hereafter referred to as tamarisk diet). In two-choice tests, beavers consumed equivalent quantities of tamarisk d...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-008-9496-1
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of protein and birch bark powder (BBP) content of forage on detoxification capacity of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) was studied. Young voles were fed with eight different diets for two weeks. Individuals on low (3%) protein diets had significantly lighter livers and kidneys than those on moderate (6%) or...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02033581
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have shown the occurrence of plant derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in retail honeys and pollen loads, but little is known about how these compounds influence the fitness of foraging honey bees. In feeding experiments, we tested a mix of tertiary PAs and the corresponding N-oxides from Senecio vern...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9690-9
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We focus this mini-review on how naturally occurring chemical cues mediate ecological interactions, especially interspecific competition and predation in freshwater communities. Although freshwater chemical ecology lags behind terrestrial and marine chemical ecology, we identify recent progress toward: (1) identifying...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1020785525081
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The flower bug Orius sauteri is a generalist predator that occurs throughout Japan, and is a promising indigenous natural enemy for micro-pests such as thrips, aphids, and spider mites. We aimed to manipulate the attraction, dispersal, and settlement behavior of Orius bugs using natural chemical substances emitted by ...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-019-01104-1
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent observations of social behavior and reproduction in wolves, coyotes, hunting dogs, mongooses, and lions suggest possible involvement of pheromones in the regulation of reproductive activity. Observed phenomena resemble the known pheromonal effects in mice such as suppression or synchronization of estrus, induct...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00988206
更新日期:1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hydrocarbons of honeybee comb wax vary significantly between colonies. This variation is explained in part by genetic (familial) differences among colonies. Even though significant differences in wax hydrocarbons exist among families, there is a high level of consistency within and among families in a correlation ...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02027565
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Feeding by herbivorous insects may change photosynthetic activity of host plants. We studied how feeding and oviposition by herbivorous stink bugs, Murgantia histrionica and Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), affect photosynthetic parameters of Brassica oleracea (savoy cabbage) and Phaseolus vulgaris (French...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-010-9801-7
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sequence of arrival of the bark beetlesIps typographus andPityogenes chalcographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) at traps baited with their synthetic pheromones was monitored with a portable fraction collector. Histograms of the natural arrival patterns of both species were nonrandom and clumped at shorter time scales ...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02040099
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The alkaloids solanine and tomatine and the polyene antibiotic nystatin were tested in vitro against the entomopathogenic fungusBeauveria bassiana. Nystatin was the most inhibitory compound tested, reducing colony formation, growth, and development of conidiaphores to a greater degree and at lower concentrations than ...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01014712
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bioassays in a Y-tube olfactometer showed that workers of Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were attracted to venom gland extracts of queens. Gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry analysis of individual glands of queens of S. geminata showed that the secretion is composed mainly of a large amount of...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1013671330253
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study of food repulsion in ungulates is of practical importance for controlling browsing damage to forest trees and agricultural crops. Experiments with domestic sheep assessed the repulsive value of three natural and two synthetic products, using a food-choice situation. Animals were individually presented with t...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00993691
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carrion beetles of the subfamily Nicrophorinae search and bury a carcass that they utilize for reproduction. After burial, the carcass is coated with oral secretions that delay its decomposition. Previously, oral secretions of Nicrophorus marginatus were found to show antimicrobial activity, whereas secretion of N. ca...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9680-y
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sex attractant pheromones are highly sensitive and selective tools for detecting and monitoring populations of insects, yet there has been only one reported case of pheromones being used to monitor protected species. Here, we report the identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of a protected European moth spe...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-010-9831-1
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Analyses of two-dimensional chromatographic flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different grass species have shown that the flavonoid pattern ofMelanargia galathea is dependent on the flavonoid content of the larval diet. This confirms the dietary origin of flavonoid pigments inM. galathea. The flavonoid patte...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01024106
更新日期:1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous analyses of the scent gland secretions of snakes have focused on the nonvolatile components. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of secretions from North American garter snakes (Thamnophis butleri, T. couchi, T. elegans, T. melanogaster, andT. sirtalis) indicated the following seven major volatile components...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02036652
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many grass species are symbiotic with systemic, vertically-transmitted, asymptomatic Epichloë endophytic fungi. These fungi often produce alkaloids that defend the host against herbivores. We studied how environmental variables affect alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix) from three Norther...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-016-0667-1
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toads of the genus Bufo synthesize and accumulate bufadienolides (BDs) in their parotoid glands. BDs are cardiotonic steroids that play an important role in defense against the toads' predators. Three bufonid taxa occur in mainland Japan, Bufo japonicus formosus, B. j. japonicus, and B. torrenticola. The chemical stru...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-020-01217-y
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mycorrhizas are the most important mutualistic symbioses on earth. The most prevalent type are the arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) that develop between roots of most terrestrial plants and fungal species of the Zygomycota. The AM fungi are able to grow into the root cortex forming intercellular hyphae from which highly b...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1025695032113
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Attraction of (2E,4E,6R,10R)-4,6,10,12-tetramethyl-2,4-tridecadien-7-one [1; (6R,10R)-matsuone] and its antipode [2; (6S,10S)-matsuone] toMatsucoccus thunbergianae males was studied in the laboratory and in the field. They showed stronger response to1. In laboratory bioassays, the threshold concentrations for male att...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02033196
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypericin, an anthrone dimer inHypericum perforatum (Guttiferae), is shown for the first time to be phototoxic to generalist lepidopteran larvae; survivorship was reduced and development prolonged forHeliothis zea (Noctuidae) andPlatynota flavedana (Tortricidae) that consumed hypericin diets in the presence of light. ...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01015183
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major component of the rectal glandular extract and volatile emission of maleBactrocera cacuminatus is racemic 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane. l-Hydroxy-5-nonanone as its open chain form, together with 6-n-butyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran are minor components. 1,7-Dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-4-ol is present at a low level and i...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00994347
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae), is the most serious pest of sweetpotato around the world, damaging sweetpotatoes in the field and in storage, as well as being a quarantine pest. Because the larval period is spent within vines or tubers, and the adults are nocturnal, chemi...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-012-0160-4
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brown treesnakes are an invasive species to the island of Guam that have caused extensive ecological and economic damage. Efforts to control the snake population have included trapping using live mouse lures, but for logistical and economic reasons a synthetic lure is needed. When searching for live food, brown treesn...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1010357024140
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have developed a flexible, moderately priced, behavioral analysis system which has been used to determine the response of salmonids to certain olfactory stimulants. The system, which we call ITS for interactive computer-video tracking system, consists of a 128K Apple IIe computer with software, a video camera and v...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01020536
更新日期:1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Volatile organic compounds derived from non-host plants, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Corymbia citriodora, and Ruta graveolens, can be used to mask host plant odors, and are repellent to the tea geometrid, Ectropis obliqua. Volatile compounds were collected by headspace absorption, and the components were...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-013-0344-6
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Early theories on plant chemical defense against herbivory emphasized that apparent and unapparent plants were primarily defended by different types of compounds. More and more evidence suggests that both quantitative and qualitative defenses are found in apparent plants and that they can play a defensive role against...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01014103
更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability to cope with plant defense chemicals differs between specialist and generalist species. In this study, we examined the effects of the concentration of the two main iridoid glycosides (IGs) in Plantago lanceolata, aucubin and catalpol, on the performance of a specialist and two generalist herbivores and the...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10886-011-9983-7
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sex pheromone components of the two sibling species of the dingy cutworm that occur on the prairies of western Canada were identified in abdomen-tip extracts from calling female moths. Three monounsaturated acetates, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, are common to...
journal_title:Journal of chemical ecology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00979489
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00