Abstract：
:Numerous medical conditions present with acute and severe autonomic and muscular overactivity. These syndromes include Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Serotonin Syndrome, Dysautonomia (or paroxysmal sympathetic storms) following acquired brain injury, Autonomic Dysreflexia, Parkinsonian-Hyperpyrexia Syndrome, Malignant Catatonia, intrathecal baclofen withdrawal, Malignant Hyperthermia, Stiff Man Syndrome and Irukandji Syndrome. In their worst forms, each of these syndromes are relatively rare, are treated by different medical specialties and show widely varying pathophysiology. Most are considered to be medical emergencies and share significant mortality rates. Previous authors have noted similarities between some of these conditions, prompting the suggestion that a single common mechanism may underlie their clinical presentation. However, the development of such an integrative model has not occurred. This paper presents a short review of the clinical syndromes, grouped by the location of pathology and mechanism of action. From this background, an integrative framework termed the excitatory:inhibitory ratio (EIR) model is presented. The EIR model consists of two inter-related networks operating at spinal and brainstem levels. The model is evaluated against pre-clinical scientific research, known pathways, each disorder's pathophysiology (where this is known) and variable severity, and used to explain the reasons behind the efficacy of current treatment regimes. Circumstantial evidence for an expanded aetiology for Malignant Hyperthermia is provided and generic treatment strategies for a number of other conditions are suggested. Finally, minor modifications to this model provide a basis to begin to explain less severe, regional "overlap" syndromes.
journal_name
Med Hypothesesjournal_title
Medical hypothesesauthors
Baguley IJdoi
10.1016/j.mehy.2007.04.037subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-01-01 00:00:00pages
26-35issue
1eissn
0306-9877issn
1532-2777pii
S0306-9877(07)00328-3journal_volume
70pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Arthritis is inflammation in a joint often with joint damage, usually accompanied by pain, swelling and stiffness, resulting from infection, trauma, degenerative changes, metabolic disturbances, autoimmune or other causes. It occurs in various forms, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bacterial arthritis ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2005.06.021
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease (CD) among children in developed countries is extremely high. Although, dietary factors have long been implicated, to date no single causative element has been identified. Risks or benefits for CD from dietary elements would depend on their appropriate metabolism within ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00401-2
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Focal epilepsy secondary esp to scar or injured cortical tissue forms a source of constant depolarisation site with or without emitting negative charges (current of injury) into the surrounding area. This focal site is localised by EEG, MRI and if required, by PET and/or SPECT studies. The author postulates to implant...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00266-9
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent findings indicate a principal role for Hepcidin in iron homeostasis. Hepcidin is also thought to play a vital role in the pathogenic mechanism of anaemia in patients with inflammation or chronic disease. Under normal conditions influx and efflux of iron from duodenal enterocytes is regulated by Ferroportin. Fer...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2007.10.007
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this work some aspects of carcinogenesis are given. The importance of the emergence of Z or H DNA structure in the gene, or in the flanking gene sequences for the gene deletion and unusual gene recombination, is discussed. Some considerations on the role of selective pressure (of polyamines, of Mg2+, of the various...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(91)90284-6
更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cancer and other diseases may be a natural biological event, the activities of which may be dependent on the constitution of the individual. Where fetal and embryonic cells are not diseased or faulty or defective, they may be useful as therapies against cancer and other diseases. ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1054/mehy.2001.1517
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Numerous studies indicate that aberrant amyloid precursor protein metabolism, elevated peroxidative damage, depressed energy metabolism and altered calcium homeostasis are four pivotal deleterious factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Cumulative evidence further suggests that these four factors are intim...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90021-3
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ontogenesis might be considered as the development of phylogenetically consequent genic systems that mainly imply: homoeotic genes and ras protooncogene in segmentation; ras and myc protooncogenes in gastrulation; ras, myc and other nuclear protooncogenes in organogenesis; ras myc, other nuclear and cytomembrane proto...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(89)90033-9
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The hyponatremia found in multiple myeloma and which is associated with a reduced anion gap (ag) is considered to be pseudohyponatremia due to the displacement of water by the high globulin content in the blood. Serum proteins participate in acid-base balance. Stewart and other authors in their approach to acid-base i...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.051
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Through the analysis of accumulated experimental data of cell growth, a model of unrestricted cell growth is presented here. This model is based hypothetically on the cellular commitment to senescence as in the previously presented commitment theory. Cells are divided into 3 types, namely uncommitted cells, committed ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(92)90034-a
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is growing dissatisfaction regarding the available diagnostic systems for psychiatric disorders (DSM, ICD). Psychiatrists acknowledge that though mental disease reflects brain disorders, the descriptive and symptom based nature of psychiatric diagnosis bears no relation to brain functions. According to Helmut's ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.010
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The materno-fetal relationship is governed by critical levels of progesterone (P) and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). The 'see-saw' in concentration of these molecules maintain and terminate pregnancy in placental mammals. Apart from the enhancement or suppression of uterine contractility by PGF2 alpha and P resp...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(80)90021-3
更新日期：1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration is responsible for 12% mortality around the globe. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, associated with modulation of acetylcholine levels and amyloid beta accumulation & dopamine level and alpha-synuclein o...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109872
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immune competence is considered as a state of equilibrium between humoral and cellular immunity. This notion fits well with the functionally antagonistic cytokine profiles in cell groups of CD4(+)-helper cells as described by Mosmann and Coffman. The Th-1 cells release mainly IL-2, IL-12 and IFN gamma and thereby stim...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90130-9
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cranial nerve rhizophathy, commonly presented with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) or hemifacial spasm (HFS), is a sort of hyperexcitability disorders with higher incidence in senior Asian. In this paper, a novel hypothesis on the pathogenesis is proposed and with which some clinical phenomena are explained. In those wi...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109801
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent findings demonstrate the vital role of endothelial progenitor cells in the homeostasis of the vessel wall and the development of atherosclerosis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play important roles in repair-to-injury of arteries. Many evidences have shown Cardiovascular risk factors closely correlated wit...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2007.06.041
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ergothioneine is believed not to be synthesized by man but it accumulates to high concentrations in some mammalian cells as a result of dietary intake. Ergothioneine is known to chelate divalent metal ions with high affinity. Other substances which are potent chelators of divalent metal ions such as diphenylthiocarbaz...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(82)90137-2
更新日期：1982-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autism, an incurable neurodevelopmental brain disorder, is a complex psychopathology in which the affected individual cannot effectively self-regulate their sensory inputs toward coherent and focused motor outputs. There have been many hypotheses as to the etiology of autism - genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, ea...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.038
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and asthma have been linked, but the true nature of this relationship is incompletely understood. Most of the literature examining this association has implicated GER as the factor contributing to asthma. GER has also been linked to conditions of the upper airway like sinusitis and obstru...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.030
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Herbs and minerals are the integral parts of traditional systems of medicine in many countries. Kushta is a form of herbo-mineral preparations used in traditional systems of medicine (Unani and Ayurvedic) of Indo-Pak subcontinent. These preparations have long been used and claimed to be the most effective and potent d...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00260-8
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present analysis addresses the question of how it has been possible for academic medicine to grow and lose its creative productivity at the same time. A mathematical model is developed to simulate the mechanisms that govern growth of medical systems over time. Time-dependent growth of system size increases the occ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2005.02.028
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanisms by which blast pressure waves cause mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are an open question. Possibilities include acceleration of the head, direct passage of the blast wave via the cranium, and propagation of the blast wave to the brain via a thoracic mechanism. The hypothesis that the blas...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2008.08.015
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The weight of available evidence suggests that leukaemogenesis is a multi-step, complex process. Since there are different types of leukaemia, it seems likely that a variety of distinct molecular mechanisms are involved, arising from different combinations of genetic defects. It is not therefore surprising that studie...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(87)90188-5
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have the potential to provide a surrogate for "real-time biopsy" of tumor biological activity. Enumeration and molecular characterization of CTCs in pancreatic cancer could play an important role in diagnosis, predicting the risk for tumor recurrence, and providing novel target therapy b...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2013.03.027
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with insulin resistance, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Postnatal tissues contain stem cells that though quiescent, retain their capacity to self-renew and regenerate tissues to fulfil organ demands. I propo...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00182-8
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:COVID-19 due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection is a multi-systemic immune syndrome affecting mainly the lungs, oropharyngeal region, and other vascular endothelial beds. There are tremendous ongoing efforts for the aim of developing drugs against the COVID-19 syndrome-associated inflammation. However, currently no specific ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110150
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toll-like receptor 7 is critical in recognition of single strand RNA viruses, including SARS CoV-2, and generation of anti-viral immunity. Coronaviruses evolved strategies to dampen the host immunity. Herein, we discuss the potential use of TLR7 agonists in the early stages of COVID-19 treatment. ...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 信件
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110202
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Numerous studies have shown that opioids and cannabinoids share some pharmacological properties. Accordingly, similarly to opioids, tolerance and dependence develops after chronic use of cannabinoids. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to play important roles both in opioid- and cannabinoid-induced tolerance and depende...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.013
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is reported to occur frequently after all types especially cardiac surgery in elderly patients. It can be short-term or long-term and some cases even develop into Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although multi-risk factors associated with POCD have been identified, the etiology and...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.010
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Both, hamstring and ACL injuries are among the most typical injuries, particularly in change of direction and high speed running sports. They're also difficult to treat. Therefore, in the past few years, sports medicine practitioners and exercise scientists have mainly been focusing on the development and implementati...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.002
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
