Abstract：
:Glutamate kills neurons by excitotoxicity, which is caused by sustained activation of glutamate receptors. In recent years, it has been shown that glutamate can also be toxic to white matter oligodendrocytes and to myelin by this mechanism. In particular, glutamate receptor-mediated injury to these cells can be triggered by activation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor types. Thus, these receptor classes, and the intermediaries of the signal cascades they activate, are potential targets for drug development to treat white matter damage in acute and chronic diseases. In addition, alterations of glutamate homeostasis in white matter can determine glutamate injury to oligodendrocytes and myelin. Astrocytes are responsible for most glutamate uptake in synaptic and non-synaptic areas and consequently are the major regulators of glutamate homeostasis. Activated microglia in turn may secrete cytokines and generate radical oxygen species, which impair glutamate uptake and reduce the expression of glutamate transporters. Finally, oligodendrocytes also contribute to glutamate homeostasis. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge about the mechanisms leading to oligodendrocyte cell death and demyelination as a consequence of alterations in glutamate signalling, and their clinical relevance to disease. In addition, we show evidence that oligodendrocytes can also be killed by ATP acting at P2X receptors. A thorough understanding of how oligodendrocytes and myelin are damaged by excitotoxicity will generate knowledge that can lead to improved therapeutic strategies to protect white matter.
journal_name
J Anatjournal_title
Journal of anatomyauthors
Matute C,Alberdi E,Domercq M,Sánchez-Gómez MV,Pérez-Samartín A,Rodríguez-Antigüedad A,Pérez-Cerdá Fdoi
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00733.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-06-01 00:00:00pages
693-702issue
6eissn
0021-8782issn
1469-7580pii
JOA733journal_volume
210pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Little is known about the embryonic development and variation of the chondrocranium in Crocodylia and there are no works on any Caiman species. Due to the importance of cranial features in the systematics of this clade, investigating the development of the skull in embryonic stages is essential. In this study, we pres...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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doi：
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01427.x
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1986-10-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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