Abstract:
:Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) results in a chronic infection that progressively cripples the host immune defenses. HIV infection is associated with increased tryptophan (trp) catabolism by the cytokine-inducible enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). IDO has powerful immune suppressive activity, which could contribute to the immune dysfunction observed in HIV-infected patients. In this review we discuss the immune mechanisms that could mediate the HIV-induced increase of IDO activity (such as IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha, CTLA-4/B7 and direct viral exposure). We then consider the current knowledge of IDO-mediated immune suppressive mechanisms with regard to different cell types (CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, natural killer cells, B cells and regulatory T cells), from the perspective of their potential consequences for the HIV-infected host. HIV-induced, IDO-mediated trp catabolism may contribute to the perpetuation of HIV infection into its chronic phase by dampening efficient immune anti-viral responses. Therapeutic approaches aimed at manipulating this powerful immune suppressive mechanism might be considered in the setting of HIV infection.
journal_name
Curr Drug Metabjournal_title
Current drug metabolismauthors
Boasso A,Shearer GMdoi
10.2174/138920007780362527subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-04-01 00:00:00pages
217-23issue
3eissn
1389-2002issn
1875-5453journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Membrane transporters play an important role in intestinal absorption, distribution and clearance of drugs. Additionally transporters along with enzymes regulate tissue exposures (e.g. liver, kidney and brain), which are important for safety and efficacy considerations. Early identification of transporters involved gu...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/1389200221999210101233340
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Medical application of nanotechnology is termed as Nanomedicine and is widely used in healthcare industries. Nanotechnology has helped Physicians, Scientists and Technologists to understand the changes in cellular levels to develop nanomedicines and address the challenges faced by the healthcare sectors. Nan...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200219666180305154119
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytochrome P450s (P450 or CYPs) comprise a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of a wide variety of xenobiotic chemicals. Although most of P450 inhibitors decrease the metabolic activities mediated by the corresponding P450 forms, unexpected phenomena, which are called as activation or heterotropic coop...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/138920008784746364
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pressing need for targeting, detecting, monitoring, and treating diseased cells concomitantly gives rise to multi-functional nanomedicines, especially those that can combine diagnostic and therapeutic abilities, which are referred to as nanotheranostics. Recently, nanotheranostics are of significant clinical inter...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200211314060003
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecules exist as three dimensional structures. Therefore they can exist in symmetrical and asymmetrical forms. Molecules with an asymmetric centre are chiral. If the molecule and its mirror image are non-superimposable, the relationship between the two molecules is enantiomeric and the two stereoisomers are enantiom...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200013338810
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Nobel laureate Sir James Black's molecule, propranolol, still has broad potential in cardiovascular diseases, infantile haemangiomas and anxiety. A comprehensive and systematic review of the literature for the summarization of pharmacokinetic parameters would be effective to explore the new safe uses of prop...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/1389200221666200414094644
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on identification of the important active site residues of CYP2D6 in terms of CYP2D6 polymorphism. A meta-analysis was performed on the reported literature regarding (1) values of the Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)), maximal velocity (V(max)), and intrinsic clearance (V(max)/K(m)) for 41 metabolic...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.2174/138920011795495286
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review introduces the Noscapine, which is being used as an antitussive drug for a long time has been recently discovered as a novel tubulin-binding, anti-angiogenic anticancer drug that causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis in cancer cells both in vitro as well as in vivo. Noscapine is a multifunctional ...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200211314030010
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transporters for organic anions and organic cations in kidney, liver, intestine, brain, and placenta play essential roles in drug disposition. The cloning and characterization of these transporters have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the drug disposition process. T...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200043489207
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluoropyrimidines and oxaliplatin continued to be the mainstay of therapeutic regimens in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). For this reason, pharmacokinetic and metabolism of these drugs were analyzed and the identification of accurate and validated predictive, prognostic and toxicity markers became necessary ...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/138920011798062300
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucuronidation represents a major pathway which enhances the elimination of many lipophilic xenobiotics and endobiotics to more water-soluble compounds. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family catalyzes the glucuronidation of the glycosyl group of a nucleotide sugar to an acceptor compound (aglycone) at a nucleo...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200003339171
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in the biological and analytical sciences have led to unprecedented interest in the discovery and quantitation of endogenous molecules that serve as indicators of drug safety, mechanism of action, efficacy, and disease state progression. By allowing for improved decision-making, these indicators, refer...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/138920006777697918
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Kidney dysfunction resulting from various drugs is an important issue during the drug development process. Traditional in vivo animal experiments are limited with respect to evaluating drug efficacy and nephrotoxicity due to discrepancies in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between humans and anima...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200219666180309101844
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Decarboxylation, reduction and hydrolysis can yield active metabolites from the parent drug. Major therapeutic indications and metabolic routes of these drugs are reviewed. Changes in the logP values (determined and calculated) from the parent drug to the active metabolite show certain characteristics in comparison to...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/138920012800840437
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Graphene and its modified nano-composites have gained much attention in recent times in cancer therapy as nanotheranostics due to low production cost, ease in synthesis and physicochemical properties (ultra-large surface area with planar structure and π-π conjugation with the unsaturated and aromatic drugs/biomolecule...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200215666141125120633
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The management of ischemic nephropathy due to atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis has become increasingly conservative in the modern era, with current guidelines recommending optimized medical therapy as the initial step. The doubts raised by the recently published trials of revascularization strategies ha...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200217666160219114443
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the last few years, the use of modified Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) for theranostics (therapeutic and diagnosis) applications is a new and rapidly growing area in pharmacy and medical fields. Owing to this, their specific physicochemical behaviors like high stability, drug loading, surface area to volume ...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200219666180925094515
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque formation in the brain is known to be the root cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which affects the behavior, memory, and cognitive ability in humans. The brain starts undergoing changes several years before the actual appearance of the symptoms. Nanotechnology could prove to be an alternative ...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/1389200221666201124140518
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Despite recent therapeutic advances, osteoarthritis continues to be a challenging health problem, especially in the elderly population. Opioids, which are potent analgesics, have shown an extraordinary ability to reduce intense pain in many osteoarthritic clinical trials; however, there is an increased need ...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: meta分析
doi:10.2174/1389200221666200514130441
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are widely used drugs which have high availability in reducing the activity of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase, therefore they play an indispensable role in the treatment of Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib have been proved to have absolute bioavaila...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200218666170116113705
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drug metabolite identification and metabolic characteristics analysis play a crucial role in new drug research and development, because they can lead to varied efficacy, severe adverse reactions, and even toxicity. Classical methodologies for metabolite identification have mainly been based on mass spectrometry (MS) c...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200216666141230105649
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The prolonged circulation time of nanoparticles in the blood is a prerequisite to realize a controlled and targeted (passive or active targeting) release of the encapsulated gene/drug at the desired site of action. The most popular method to mask or camouflage nanoparticles is the adsorbed, grafted or conjug...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200219666171207120643
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metabolism of xenobiotics is often seen as an exclusive function of the liver, but some current findings support the notion that the lungs, kidneys and intestine may contribute considerably. After the establishment of the use of liver slices as a useful in vitro model to study metabolism and toxicity of xenobiotics, t...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1389200023338071
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bioavailability of orally administered drugs can be influenced by a number of factors including release from the formulation, dissolution, stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) environment, permeability through the gut wall and first-pass gut wall and hepatic metabolism. Although there are various enzymes in the gut ...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/138920010794328913
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possibility to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders is strongly limited by the poor access of many therapeutic agent to the target tissues. This is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), formed by a complex interplay of endothelial cells, astrocyte and pericytes, through which only se...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/138920012798356943
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:ET-26 hydrochloride is a novel intravenous anesthetic, approved for clinical trials, that produces a desirable sedative-hypnotic effect with stable myocardial performance and mild adrenocortical suppression in rats and beagle dogs. The objective of this study was to assess the absorption, distribution, metab...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/1389200221666191223105504
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytochromes P450 of the liver are involved in maintenance of lipid homeostasis (cholesterol, vitamin D, oxysterol and bile acid metabolism) and in detoxification processes of endogenous compounds (i. e. bile acids) and xenochemicals (drugs). This review describes the roles of various CYPs in production of cholesterol ...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/138920011795016890
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years several arylpiperazine derivatives have reached the stage of clinical application, mainly for the treatment of depression, psychosis or anxiety. Examples are the pyrimidinylpiperazine buspirone, the chlorophenylpiperazine derivatives nefazodone and trazodone, the dichlorophenylpiperazine aripiprazole a...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/138920007781368908
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the lifetime, our cells encounter many challenges to their own existence. The survival of organisms and cells depends on the interplay within a complex, yet precisely orchestrated network of proteins. Since the discovery of the Rel/NF-kappaB family of transcription factors, the research has never come to a stop...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/138920010791196283
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The assessment of in vitro inhibition and induction of the cytochrome P450 enzymes of the liver is a critical part of the drug discovery and development process in order to ensure that two or more drugs can be safely coadministered without alterations in exposure. Early assessment of potential candidates using high th...
journal_title:Current drug metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/138920008786485128
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00