Abstract：
:Combined effects of mycotoxin mixtures are of major concern due to the widespread occurrence of human exposure to mixtures. Owing to the lack of sufficient mixture data regarding the human immune function, the aim of this study was to specify, evaluate and predict the combined effects of mycotoxin mixtures upon the functional activity of immune cells. Therefore, a well established model for immunotoxic studies using stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was applied. To predict the combined effect of the mixture the concepts of concentration addition and response addition were used. Comparable to the individual mycotoxins the mixture suppressed the cytokine production in a concentration-dependent manner. The mixture effect was stronger than the effects caused by the toxins applied singly. The response addition concept described the mixture data within their experimental uncertainty. The in vitro test model presented here was practical to detect and quantify combined effects. Low and weak effect concentrations of mycotoxins may cause strong inhibitory effects on immune functions when occurring together. The experimental design using the concepts of concentration addition and response addition was suitable for predicting the combined effects of mycotoxin mixtures in functional in vitro assays.
journal_name
Toxicol Lettjournal_title
Toxicology lettersauthors
Tammer B,Lehmann I,Nieber K,Altenburger Rdoi
10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.02.012subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-04-25 00:00:00pages
124-33issue
2eissn
0378-4274issn
1879-3169pii
S0378-4274(07)00078-1journal_volume
170pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:P-glycoprotein (Pgp) participates in the export of numerous toxins, drugs, and physiological compounds. To examine the involvement of Pgp in smoke-induced oral cell insult, the effects of extracts of the mainstream tobacco smoke (TS) on Pgp were studied in an oral epidermal carcinoma cell line, OECM-1. TS was first ex...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.007
更新日期：2009-03-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Blood-testis barrier (BTB) provides a suitable microenvironment for germ cells that is required for spermatogenesis. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is recognized to occasion male reproductive impairment, but the mechanism of which remains unclear. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish animal models...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.12.004
更新日期：2017-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytochrome P4501A1 is involved in the metabolism of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; therefore, its inhibition interferes with the carcinogenesis process induced by these compounds in rats. The human and rat CYP1A1 differ by 21% in amino acid sequence, including the active site of the enzyme; this differ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.023
更新日期：2016-09-06 00:00:00
abstract：:A teratological test was carried out on triphenyltin acetate (TPTA) used as a fungicide and antifouling agent. Pregnant Wistar rats were treated orally with TPTA at dose levels of 0, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0 and 12.0 mg/kg/d during days 7-17 of gestation. Cesarean sections were performed on day 20 of gestation. In the pregn...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(91)90108-i
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To help minimize errors and confusion in the scientific literature, a few principles can be followed. The original intent and hypothesis of each study should be made clear, and deviations from the initial purpose should be stated. The hypothesis-testing portions of the research need to be clearly differentiated from t...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(95)03554-0
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxidative stress has been pointed as an important molecular mechanism for liver injury in methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning. Ebselen, a seleno-organic compound that possesses anti-oxidant properties, is a useful therapeutic agent used in clinical situations involving oxidative stress. Here, we examined the possible in vi...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.10.001
更新日期：2004-02-02 00:00:00
abstract：:The distribution and acute lethality of i.v. administered 3 micrometers latex spheres were determined in rats. The results extend previous studies demonstrating the similarity between dog and rat in the dynamics of microspheres in these species and the inverse relationship between sphere diameter and hemodynamic toxic...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(81)90035-7
更新日期：1981-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In present study, we compared for the first time the cytotoxicities of the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells HPAEpiC. Moreover, we examined the effects of each PAH on oxidative stress (SOD, GSH, and ROS), cell viability, extracellular LDH, and apoptosis. T...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.005
更新日期：2018-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Particulate air pollution is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Fine particles with a diameter <2.5 microm (PM2.5) have an important role in triggering biological responses. These particles, and particularly the ultrafine fraction (<100 nm) penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract. Recently, we...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.12.061
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Effects of vitamin E on cell morphology and cellular protein thiols under oxidative stress was investigated in cultured rat hepatocytes with different vitamin E status. Hepatocytes were incubated in the presence or absence of 100 microM alpha-tocopherol succinate for 24 h then treated with 1.5 mM t-butyl hydroperoxide...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(96)03793-9
更新日期：1996-12-16 00:00:00
abstract：:In vitro effects of mercury-selenium compounds, as compared with mercurials, against glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), catalase and trypsin were studied. Inhibitory potencies of two mercury-selenium (Hg-Se) compounds, bis(methylmercuric) selenide (BMS), and a reaction product of HgCl2, Na2SeO3 and glutathione ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(82)90052-2
更新日期：1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the cytotoxic effects of formaldehyde (FA) on lymphocytes. FA-exposed mice showed a profound reduction not only in the number of natural killer (NK) cells but also in the expression of NK cell-specific receptors, but these mice did not exhibit decreases in the numbers of T or B lymphocytes. FA exposure...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.09.008
更新日期：2013-11-25 00:00:00
abstract：:This study describes two phases of a multi-phase project aiming to validate a mouse model for cow's milk allergy to assess the potential allergenicity of hydrolysed cow's milk based infant formulas (claim support EC-directive 2006/141/E). The transferability and the discriminatory power of this model was evaluated in ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.04.008
更新日期：2013-06-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) oxidised sulphydryl groups in glyceraldenyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with loss of the dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme. 5-Hydroxydopamine behaved similarly at higher concentrations. This oxidation was accompanied by a transient rise in the acyl phosphatase (non-p...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00013-9
更新日期：2002-03-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Policosanol is a natural mixture of higher aliphatic primary alcohols. Oral toxicity of policosanol was evaluated in a 12-month study in which doses from 0.5 to 500 mg/kg were given orally to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (20/sex/group) daily. There was no treatment-related toxicity. Thus, effects on body weight gain, food...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(94)90147-3
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The liver carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has to be metabolically activated by specific cytochromes before it can react with cellular macromolecules (e.g. proteins or DNA). Although hepatocytes are believed to be responsible for this activation, the liver tumours originate mainly from non-parenchymal cells (N...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00400-3
更新日期：2001-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of feeding a diet containing 5% tansy ragwort (TR) (Senecio jacobaea), a poisonous plant containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), on the blood and liver levels of copper, zinc, iron and vitamin A in broiler chicks was examined. Serum and liver copper and liver iron concentrations were increased in chicks fe...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(92)90017-e
更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dermal toxicity of the new multi-insect repellent N,N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA) was studied in female rabbits. LD50 of DEPA was estimated to be 3505 mg/kg b.w. On daily topical application for 21 d at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w., dermal irritancy score and blood chemistry changes indicated that the compound is non-irr...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(89)90160-4
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The lithocholic acid-sensitive mutant cells were isolated from CHO-9 cells mutagenized with ethylmethane sulfonate, through clonal selection on 96-well dishes. The isolated mutant cells (LSJ-11) were 3-fold more sensitive than controls in the survival to lithocholic acid and were also sensitive to other bile acids suc...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(93)90001-e
更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic feeding of male Wistar rats with food containing hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at 17.5 mmol/kg induced elevation of serum amino-transferases and bilirubin content, increase of microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentration, and decrease of 5'-nucleotidase, K+,Na+- and Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase activities in liver pla...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(86)90118-9
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transgenic rodents that contain easily retrievable target genes allow the rapid quantitation of mutations in any tissue from which DNA can be isolated. We are using the Stratagene Big Blue transgenic mouse system that contains a lacI target and an alpha lacZ reporter gene to study the parameters that affect mutations....
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(95)03472-2
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This work studies the potential subacute toxicological effects of the aqueous extract of Baccharis genistelloides (AEBg) and demonstrates a new anti-arthritic therapeutic effect. The treatment of the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) group with 4.2 mg/kg AEBg induced an important decrease (75%) in CIA severity in all a...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.07.004
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two-week oral administration of MDL-19,660, a triazole antidepressant compound, resulted in a dose-related thrombocytopenia in rats given 40-360 mg/kg/d and dogs treated with 5-50 mg/kg/d. Consumptive loss of platelets was not apparent since splenomegaly, hemorrhage, microscopic thrombi or prolonged coagulation times ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(91)90098-q
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Zinc oxide NPs (ZnO) have been recently proposed as novel candidates for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases. Paradoxically, recent data suggested that ZnO could cause eosinophilic airway inflammation in rodents. Despite the above observations, there are currently no studies reporting direct interaction be...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.020
更新日期：2016-09-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Chloropicrin is an aliphatic volatile nitrate compound that is mainly used as a pesticide. It has several toxic effects in animals and can cause irritating and other health problems in exposed humans. Since the mode of chloropicrin action is poorly understood, the aim of this study was to investigate molecular respons...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.04.002
更新日期：2012-06-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcription factor activator protein (AP)-1 can be activated in nitrogen-mustard-injured mouse skin, and is thought to participate in the inflammatory response. AP-1 consists of homo- or heterodimers of Fos [c-Fos, Fos-B, fos-related antigen (Fra)-1 and Fra-2] and Jun (c-Jun, JunB and JunD) family members, and infor...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.006
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aminoglycosides have detrimental effects on the hair cells of the inner ear, yet these agents indisputably are one of the cornerstones in antibiotic therapy. Hence, there is a demand for strategies to prevent aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity, which are not available today. In vitro data suggests that the pleiotropic...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.007
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. General anesthesia is achieved by anesthetic action in the central nervous system (CNS). 2. Whereas amnesia and unconsciousness are due to anesthetic action in the brain, recent evidence suggests that immobility in response to a noxious stimulus is achieved by anesthetic effects in the spinal cord. The putative spi...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00164-7
更新日期：1998-11-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Zinc chloride (0.01 mM kept for 3h) is not toxic to cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) while kainate (0.1mM kept for 3h) demonstrates some but very low toxicity towards these cells. Measurements of the relative intraneuronal zinc ion concentration showed that increase in [Zn(2+)](i) under the simultaneous acti...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.003
更新日期：2012-01-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic exposure to arsenic increases the risk of developing a variety of human cancers including lung carcinomas. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying arsenic carcinogenicity remains largely unknown. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process for maintaining cellular protein homeostasis whose defects mig...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.06.006
更新日期：2020-10-10 00:00:00
