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The surface oxidation potential of human neuromelanin reveals a spherical architecture with a pheomelanin core and a eumelanin surface.

Abstract：

:Neuromelanin (NM) isolated from the substantia nigra region of the human brain was studied by scanning probe and photoelectron emission microscopies. Atomic force microscopy reveals that NM granules are comprised of spherical structures with a diameter of approximately 30 nm, similar to that observed for Sepia cuttlefish, bovine eye, and human eye and hair melanosomes. Photoelectron microscopy images were collected at specific wavelengths of UV light between 248 and 413 nm, using the spontaneous-emission output from the Duke OK-4 free electron laser. Analysis of the data establishes a threshold photoionization potential for NM of 4.5 +/- 0.2 eV, which corresponds to an oxidation potential of -0.1 +/- 0.2 V vs. the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE). The oxidation potential of NM is within experimental error of the oxidation potential measured for human eumelanosomes (-0.2 +/- 0.2 V vs. NHE), despite the presence of a significant fraction of the red pigment, pheomelanin, which is characterized by a higher oxidation potential (+0.5 +/- 0.2 V vs. NHE). Published kinetic studies on the early chemical steps of melanogenesis show that in the case of pigments containing a mixture of pheomelanin and eumelanin, of which NM is an example, pheomelanin formation occurs first with eumelanin formation predominantly occurring only after cysteine levels are depleted. Such a kinetic model would predict a structural motif with pheomelanin at the core and eumelanin at the surface, which is consistent with the measured surface oxidation potential of the approximately 30-nm constituents of NM granules.

journal_name

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

journal_title

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors

Bush WD,Garguilo J,Zucca FA,Albertini A,Zecca L,Edwards GS,Nemanich RJ,Simon JD

doi

10.1073/pnas.0604010103

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2006-10-03 00:00:00

pages

14785-9

issue

eissn

0027-8424

issn

1091-6490

pii

0604010103

journal_volume

103

pub_type

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The surface oxidation potential of human neuromelanin reveals a spherical architecture with a pheomelanin core and a eumelanin surface.