Abstract:
:Over millions of years the structure and complexity of the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) in bacteria has changed, reorganized and enabled them to adapt to almost every environmental niche on earth. In order to understand the plasticity of TRNs in bacteria, we studied the conservation of currently known TRNs of the two model organisms Escherichia coli K12 and Bacillus subtilis across complete genomes including Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya at three different levels: individual components of the TRN, pairs of interactions and regulons. We found that transcription factors (TFs) evolve much faster than the target genes (TGs) across phyla. We show that global regulators are poorly conserved across the phylogenetic spectrum and hence TFs could be the major players responsible for the plasticity and evolvability of the TRNs. We also found that there is only a small fraction of significantly conserved transcriptional regulatory interactions among different phyla of bacteria and that there is no constraint on the elements of the interaction to co-evolve. Finally our results suggest that majority of the regulons in bacteria are rapidly lost implying a high-order flexibility in the TRNs. We hypothesize that during the divergence of bacteria certain essential cellular processes like the synthesis of arginine, biotine and ribose, transport of amino acids and iron, availability of phosphate, replication process and the SOS response are well conserved in evolution. From our comparative analysis, it is possible to infer that transcriptional regulation is more flexible than the genetic component of the organisms and its complexity and structure plays an important role in the phenotypic adaptation.
journal_name
Nucleic Acids Resjournal_title
Nucleic acids researchauthors
Lozada-Chávez I,Janga SC,Collado-Vides Jdoi
10.1093/nar/gkl423subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-07-13 00:00:00pages
3434-45issue
12eissn
0305-1048issn
1362-4962pii
34/12/3434journal_volume
34pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Evidence has emerged that repair of clustered DNA lesions may be compromised, possibly leading to the formation of double-strand breaks (DSB) and, thus, to deleterious events. The first repair event occurring at a multiply damaged site (MDS) is of major importance and will largely contribute to the hazardousness of MD...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkm190
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of amino groups attached at positions 2 and 8 of the hypoxanthine moiety in the structure, reactivity and stability of DNA duplexes and triplexes is studied by means of quantum mechanical calculations, as well as extended molecular dynamics (MD) and thermodynamic integration (MD/TI) simulations. Theoretical...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/29.12.2522
更新日期:2001-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1 is a nutritionally versatile soil bacterium closely related to representatives of the well-characterized Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida. Unlike these bacteria, the Acinetobacter ADP1 is highly competent for natural transformation which affords extraordinary convenience for ...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkh910
更新日期:2004-10-28 00:00:00
abstract::ETS-domain transcription factors play important roles in controlling gene expression in a variety of different contexts; however, these proteins bind to very similar sites and it is unclear how in vivo specificity is achieved. In silico analysis is unlikely to reveal specific targets for individual family members and ...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkp804
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metnase is a human protein with methylase (SET) and nuclease domains that is widely expressed, especially in proliferating tissues. Metnase promotes non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), and knockdown causes mild hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. Metnase also promotes plasmid and viral DNA integration, and topoisom...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkq339
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cellular senescence, an integral component of aging and cancer, arises in response to diverse triggers, including telomere attrition, macromolecular damage and signaling from activated oncogenes. At present, senescent cells are identified by the combined presence of multiple traits, such as senescence-associated prote...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkz555
更新日期:2019-08-22 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial transcription factors often function as DNA-binding proteins that selectively activate or repress promoters, although the biochemical mechanisms vary. In most well-understood examples, activators function by either increasing the affinity of RNA polymerase (RNAP) for the target promoter, or by increasing the...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1280
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synchronized cells of a normal human lymphocytic cell line contain little swiven enzyme activity in G0 and G1 and high activity in Sphase. The level of activity in different growth phase appears to be related to the fraction of the population engaged in DNA replication. No endogenous inhibitor or activator of swiven a...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/3.12.3305
更新日期:1976-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the aid of a novel poly-dA tailing-partial restriction technique and S1-protection mapping, the 5' terminal coding sequence for the 40S precursor ribosomal RNA of Xenopus laevis has been exactly identified. Since the promoter sequence for the 40S RNA should lie close to its 5' terminal coding sequence, we are abl...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/6.12.3733
更新日期:1979-08-24 00:00:00
abstract::Transcriptional repression and activation by nuclear receptors (NRs) are brought about by coregulator complexes. These complexes modify the chromatin environment of target genes and affect the activity of the basal transcription machinery. We have previously implicated the yeast ADA3 protein in transcriptional activat...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/30.11.2508
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organisms growing at elevated temperatures face the challenge of maintaining the integrity of their genetic materials. Archaea possess unique chromatin proteins for gene organization and information processing. We present the solution structure of Sso7c4 from Sulfolobus solfataricus, which has a homodimeric DNA-bindin...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkr283
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::ATRX and MeCP2 belong to an expanding group of chromatin-associated proteins implicated in human neurodevelopmental disorders, although their gene-regulatory activities are not fully resolved. Loss of ATRX prevents full repression of an imprinted gene network in the postnatal brain and in this study we address the mec...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gku564
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review presents detailed information about the structure of triplet repeat RNA and addresses the simple sequence repeats of normal and expanded lengths in the context of the physiological and pathogenic roles played in human cells. First, we discuss the occurrence and frequency of various trinucleotide repeats in...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/nar/gkr729
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histone H3K4 methylation is an epigenetic mark associated with actively transcribed genes. This modification is catalyzed by the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) family of histone methyltransferases including MLL1, MLL2, MLL3, MLL4, SET1A and SET1B. The catalytic activity of this family is dependent on interactions with ...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkz697
更新日期:2019-09-26 00:00:00
abstract::Biological and chemical DNA fragmentation generates DNA molecules with a variety of termini, including blunt ends and single-stranded overhangs. We have developed a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) assay, XACTLY, to interrogate the termini of fragmented DNA, information traditionally lost in standard NGS library prepa...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa128
更新日期:2020-05-07 00:00:00
abstract::Poly 2'0-ethylcytidylic acid (poly (Ce)) was prepared by polymerization of 2'-0-ethylcytidine-5'-pyrophosphate with Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase in the presence of Mn++, and its properties compared with those of poly (rC), poly (Cm) and poly (dC). The neutral form of pOLY (Ce) exhibits properties simi...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/3.3.817
更新日期:1976-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In vivo footprinting experiments, augmented with gel shift and transfection analyses suggest that activation of the CYP1A1 gene by aryl hydrocarbons may be a multicomponent process. During the first 30 minutes of exposure to aryl hydrocarbon carcinogens and environmental contaminants, in vivo footprints appear at nine...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/22.9.1741
更新日期:1994-05-11 00:00:00
abstract::Sae2 cooperates with the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) complex to initiate resection of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and to maintain the DSB ends in close proximity to allow their repair. How these diverse MRX-Sae2 functions contribute to DNA damage resistance is not known. Here, we describe mre11 alleles that suppress th...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gky086
更新日期:2018-04-06 00:00:00
abstract::We have investigated the response of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans to low, non-killing, doses of the alkylating agent MNNG (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine). Such treatment causes a substantial induction of DNA alkyltransferase activity, with the specific activity in treated cells increasing up to o...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/20.4.645
更新日期:1992-02-25 00:00:00
abstract::A physical mapping strategy has been developed to verify and accelerate the assembly and gap closure phase of a microbial genome shotgun-sequencing project. The protocol was worked out during the ongoing Pseudomonas putida KT2440 genome project. A macro-restriction map was constructed by linking probe hybridisation of...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/29.22.e110
更新日期:2001-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::A positive cis-acting DNA element in the near 5'-upstream region of the CYP2B1/B2 genes in rat liver was found to play an important role in the transcription of these genes. An oligonucleotide covering -69 to -98 nt mimicked the gel mobility shift pattern given by the fragment -179 to +29 nt, which was earlier found a...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/20.3.557
更新日期:1992-02-11 00:00:00
abstract::Starting from a crude E. coli extract, two activities which specifically protect highly repetitive bacterial DNA sequences (called PU for Palindromic Unit or REP for Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic sequence) against a digestion with Exonuclease III have been purified. We show that one of these activities is due to t...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/18.13.3941
更新日期:1990-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::A repeated sequence element which is located about 200 nucleotides upstream from the protein-coding portion of the muscle actin gene (probably within a large 5' intron) in the genome of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been characterized, and shown to contain the sequence features which indicate that ...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/16.4.1431
更新日期:1988-02-25 00:00:00
abstract::The nucleotide sequence of the Anacystis nidulans 23S rRNA gene, including the 5'- and 3'-flanking regions has been determined. The gene is 2876 nucleotides long and shows higher primary sequence homology to the 23S rRNAs of plastids (84.5%) than to that of E. coli (79%). The predicted rRNA transcript also shares many...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/12.7.3373
更新日期:1984-04-11 00:00:00
abstract::Although Dicer is essential for general microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis, vertebrate mir-451 is Dicer independent. Instead, its short pre-miRNA hairpin is 'sliced' by Ago2, then 3'-resected into mature miRNAs. Here, we show that Drosophila cells and animals generate functional small RNAs from mir-451-type precursors. Howev...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1038
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major mRNA degradation pathway involves deadenylation of the target molecule followed by decapping and, finally, 5'-->3' exonuclease digestion of the mRNA body. While yeast factors involved in the decapping and exonuclease degradation steps have been identified, the nature of the factor(s) involved in the deadenyl...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/29.12.2448
更新日期:2001-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Release of phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides (PS-ASOs) from late endosomes (LEs) is a rate-limiting step and a poorly defined process for productive intracellular ASO drug delivery. Here, we examined the role of Golgi-endosome transport, specifically M6PR shuttling mediated by GCC2, in PS-ASO trafficking and...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/gkz1171
更新日期:2020-02-20 00:00:00
abstract::We have studied the effects of the nucleotide analogue, 2',3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate (ddTTP) on replicative DNA synthesis in HeLa cell lysates. As previously demonstrated (1), such lysates carry out extensive DNA synthesis in vitro, at rates and in a fashion similar to in vivo DNA replication. We report here...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/5.6.1933
更新日期:1978-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::An oligodeoxyribonucleotide, d(GCTCACAAT-X-ATTGTGAGC), where X represents a hexaethylene glycol chain, was studied using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Its conformation and conformational stability were compared to those of compounds where X was replaced by four thymines and to the duplex of same sequence without lo...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/18.21.6353
更新日期:1990-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::Mutational analysis has shown that the integrity of the region in domain III of 25S rRNA that is involved in binding of ribosomal protein L25 is essential for the production of mature 25S rRNA in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, even structural alterations that do not noticeably affect recognition by L25, ...
journal_title:Nucleic acids research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/nar/29.24.5001
更新日期:2001-12-15 00:00:00