Retrograde transport of endocytosed Shiga toxin to the endoplasmic reticulum.

abstract：:The TGF-beta/activin/BMP superfamily of growth factors signals through heteromeric receptor complexes of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors. The signal originated by TGF-beta-like molecules appears to be transduced by a set of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as SMADs, which upon activation di...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lagna G,Hata A,Hemmati-Brivanlou A,Massagué J

更新日期：1996-10-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Interstellar dust plays a crucial role in the evolution of the Universe by assisting the formation of molecules, by triggering the formation of the first low-mass stars, and by absorbing stellar ultraviolet-optical light and subsequently re-emitting it at infrared/millimetre wavelengths. Dust is thought to be produced...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Maiolino R,Schneider R,Oliva E,Bianchi S,Ferrara A,Mannucci F,Pedani M,Sogorb MR

更新日期：2004-09-30 00:00:00

abstract：:In general, heterozygous animal cells express both alleles at a particular locus. The only exceptions are cells of XX genotype after inactivation of one X chromosome, and immunoglobulin-producing cells; in each case only one of the two alleles is expressed in differentiated cells and their progeny. This phenomenon, te...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Joho R,Weissman IL

更新日期：1980-03-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Drosophila cells contain virus-like particles (VLPs) containing 5 kilobases (kb) of RNA (VLP H-RNA) homologous to the transposable element copia. The identity between VLP H-RNA and copia DNA has previously been confirmed at the nucleotide sequence level and reverse transcriptase activity is also detected in the VLPs. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kikuchi Y,Ando Y,Shiba T

更新日期：1986-10-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other neurotrophins have a vital role in the development of the rat and mouse nervous system by influencing the expression of many specific genes that promote differentiation, cell survival, synapse formation and, later, synaptic plasticity. Although nitric oxide (NO) is kn...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Nott A,Watson PM,Robinson JD,Crepaldi L,Riccio A

更新日期：2008-09-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Rapid warming over the past 50 years on the Antarctic Peninsula is associated with the collapse of a number of ice shelves and accelerating glacier mass loss. In contrast, warming has been comparatively modest over West Antarctica and significant changes have not been observed over most of East Antarctica, suggesting ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mulvaney R,Abram NJ,Hindmarsh RC,Arrowsmith C,Fleet L,Triest J,Sime LC,Alemany O,Foord S

更新日期：2012-09-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), a much milder form of the disease where the age of onset can sometimes be as late as the third or fourth decade of life, are caused by mutations in the same X-linked gene, a 14 kilobase (kb) transcript which is spread over more than 2 megabases of ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： England SB,Nicholson LV,Johnson MA,Forrest SM,Love DR,Zubrzycka-Gaarn EE,Bulman DE,Harris JB,Davies KE

更新日期：1990-01-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Certain mast cell products, including the tetrapeptides Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu (Ala4) and Val-Gly-Ser-Glu (Val4) of the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) and histamine, are preferentially chemotactic for eosinophils in vitro. Amino acid substitutions or modifications of the ECF-A tetrapeptides may substant...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Capron M,Capron A,Goetzl EJ,Austen KF

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Anomalies in temperature and precipitation in northern Russia over the past few years have been viewed as manifestations of anthropogenic climate change, prompting suggestions that this may also account for exceptional forest fires in the region. Here we examine the number of forest-fire events across the boreal Russi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mollicone D,Eva HD,Achard F

更新日期：2006-03-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Dehydration or desiccation is one of the most frequent and severe challenges to living cells. The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is the best known extremophile among the few organisms that can survive extremely high exposures to desiccation and ionizing radiation, which shatter its genome into hundreds of short DNA...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Zahradka K,Slade D,Bailone A,Sommer S,Averbeck D,Petranovic M,Lindner AB,Radman M

更新日期：2006-10-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Statistical evidence of reduced coronary heart disease in areas of high wine consumption has led to the widespread belief that wine affords a protective effect. Although moderate drinking of any alcohol helps to reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease, there is no clear evidence that red wine confers an additio...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Corder R,Douthwaite JA,Lees DM,Khan NQ,Viseu Dos Santos AC,Wood EG,Carrier MJ

更新日期：2001-12-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Continental rifts are important sources of mantle carbon dioxide (CO2) emission into Earth's atmosphere1-3. Because deep carbon is stored for long periods in the lithospheric mantle4-6, rift CO2 flux depends on lithospheric processes that control melt and volatile transport1,3,7. The influence of compositional and thi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Muirhead JD,Fischer TP,Oliva SJ,Laizer A,van Wijk J,Currie CA,Lee H,Judd EJ,Kazimoto E,Sano Y,Takahata N,Tiberi C,Foley SF,Dufek J,Reiss MC,Ebinger CJ

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cryptochromes are blue/ultraviolet-A light receptors that mediate various light responses in plants and animals. But the initial photochemical reaction of cryptochrome is still unclear. For example, although most photoreceptors are known to undergo light-dependent protein modification such as phosphorylation, no blue-...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Shalitin D,Yang H,Mockler TC,Maymon M,Guo H,Whitelam GC,Lin C

更新日期：2002-06-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The degradation of cytosolic proteins is carried out predominantly by the proteasome, which generates peptides of 7-9 amino acids long. These products need further processing. Recently, a proteolytic system was identified in the model organism Thermoplasma acidophilum that performs this processing. The hexameric core ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Brandstetter H,Kim JS,Groll M,Huber R

更新日期：2001-11-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl carboxy-peptidase that generates the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II and inactivates the vasodilating peptide bradykinin. The gene encoding ACE is composed of two homologous regions and codes for both a somatic and testis isoenzyme. Experiments with hypertens...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Krege JH,John SW,Langenbach LL,Hodgin JB,Hagaman JR,Bachman ES,Jennette JC,O'Brien DA,Smithies O

更新日期：1995-05-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Many natural products that contain basic nitrogen atoms--for example alkaloids like morphine and quinine-have the potential to treat a broad range of human diseases. However, the presence of a nitrogen atom in a target molecule can complicate its chemical synthesis because of the basicity of nitrogen atoms and their s...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mercado-Marin EV,Garcia-Reynaga P,Romminger S,Pimenta EF,Romney DK,Lodewyk MW,Williams DE,Andersen RJ,Miller SJ,Tantillo DJ,Berlinck RGS,Sarpong R

更新日期：2014-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Convection is a fundamental physical process in the fluid cores of planets. It is the primary transport mechanism for heat and chemical species and the primary energy source for planetary magnetic fields. Key properties of convection-such as the characteristic flow velocity and length scale-are poorly quantified in pl...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Guervilly C,Cardin P,Schaeffer N

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quantum superposition lies at the heart of quantum mechanics and gives rise to many of its paradoxes. Superposition of de Broglie matter waves' has been observed for massive particles such as electrons, atoms and dimers, small van der Waals clusters, and neutrons. But matter wave interferometry with larger objects has...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Arndt M,Nairz O,Vos-Andreae J,Keller C,van der Zouw G,Zeilinger A

更新日期：1999-10-14 00:00:00

abstract：:In this Letter, owing to a copying error in Illustrator, the two centre panels in Extended Data Fig. 7a were identical. This error has been corrected online. The old, incorrect Extended Data Fig. 7 is shown in the Supplementary Information to this Amendment for transparency. Some typos ('occurence') in Figs. 1, 2 and ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Andersen TG,Naseer S,Ursache R,Wybouw B,Smet W,De Rybel B,Vermeer JEM,Geldner N

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ice sheets are currently ignored in global methane budgets1,2. Although ice sheets have been proposed to contain large reserves of methane that may contribute to a rise in atmospheric methane concentration if released during periods of rapid ice retreat3,4, no data exist on the current methane footprint of ice sheets....

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lamarche-Gagnon G,Wadham JL,Sherwood Lollar B,Arndt S,Fietzek P,Beaton AD,Tedstone AJ,Telling J,Bagshaw EA,Hawkings JR,Kohler TJ,Zarsky JD,Mowlem MC,Anesio AM,Stibal M

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Metastasis is the main cause of death in people with cancer. To colonize distant organs, circulating tumour cells must overcome many obstacles through mechanisms that we are only now starting to understand. These include infiltrating distant tissue, evading immune defences, adapting to supportive niches, surviving as ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Massagué J,Obenauf AC

更新日期：2016-01-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Bcl-2 was isolated from the t(14;18) chromosomal breakpoint in follicular B-cell lymphoma. Bcl-2 has the unique oncogenic role of extending cell survival by inhibiting a variety of apoptotic deaths. An emerging family of Bcl-2-related proteins share two highly conserved regions referred to here as Bcl-2 homology 1 and...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Yin XM,Oltvai ZN,Korsmeyer SJ

更新日期：1994-05-26 00:00:00

abstract：:There is increasing evidence for the process of sympatric speciation, in which reproductive isolation of species occurs without physical isolation. Theoretical models have focused on disruptive natural selection as the crucial pressure for splitting a species. Here we report the theoretical finding that sympatric spec...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Higashi M,Takimoto G,Yamamura N

更新日期：1999-12-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The origin and growth of magnetic fields in galaxies is still something of an enigma. It is generally assumed that seed fields are amplified over time through the dynamo effect, but there are few constraints on the timescale. It was recently demonstrated that field strengths as traced by rotation measures of distant (...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Bernet ML,Miniati F,Lilly SJ,Kronberg PP,Dessauges-Zavadsky M

更新日期：2008-07-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the discovery of graphene, the family of two-dimensional materials has grown, displaying a broad range of electronic properties. Recent additions include semiconductors with spin-valley coupling, Ising superconductors that can be tuned into a quantum metal, possible Mott insulators with tunable charge-density wa...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Huang B,Clark G,Navarro-Moratalla E,Klein DR,Cheng R,Seyler KL,Zhong D,Schmidgall E,McGuire MA,Cobden DH,Yao W,Xiao D,Jarillo-Herrero P,Xu X

更新日期：2017-06-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The abundance of chlorine in the Earth's atmosphere increased considerably during the 1970s to 1990s, following large emissions of anthropogenic long-lived chlorine-containing source gases, notably the chlorofluorocarbons. The chemical inertness of chlorofluorocarbons allows their transport and mixing throughout the t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mahieu E,Chipperfield MP,Notholt J,Reddmann T,Anderson J,Bernath PF,Blumenstock T,Coffey MT,Dhomse SS,Feng W,Franco B,Froidevaux L,Griffith DW,Hannigan JW,Hase F,Hossaini R,Jones NB,Morino I,Murata I,Nakajima H,Pa

更新日期：2014-11-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Nuclear pore complexes reside in the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells and mediate the nucleocytoplasmic exchange of macromolecules. Traffic is regulated by mobile transport receptors that target their cargo to the central translocation channel, where phenylalanine-glycine-rich repeats serve as binding sites. The s...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Beck M,Lucić V,Förster F,Baumeister W,Medalia O

更新日期：2007-10-04 00:00:00

abstract：:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22-nucleotide endogenous RNAs that often repress the expression of complementary messenger RNAs. In animals, miRNAs derive from characteristic hairpins in primary transcripts through two sequential RNase III-mediated cleavages; Drosha cleaves near the base of the stem to liberate a...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ruby JG,Jan CH,Bartel DP

更新日期：2007-07-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Metastasis is a major cause of death in cancer patients and involves a multistep process including detachment of cancer cells from a primary cancer, invasion of surrounding tissue, spread through circulation, re-invasion and proliferation in distant organs. KiSS-1 is a human metastasis suppressor gene, that suppresses...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ohtaki T,Shintani Y,Honda S,Matsumoto H,Hori A,Kanehashi K,Terao Y,Kumano S,Takatsu Y,Masuda Y,Ishibashi Y,Watanabe T,Asada M,Yamada T,Suenaga M,Kitada C,Usuki S,Kurokawa T,Onda H,Nishimura O,Fujino M

更新日期：2001-05-31 00:00:00

abstract：:The nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies >10(20) eV remains a mystery. They are likely to be of extragalactic origin, but should be absorbed within approximately 50 Mpc through interactions with the cosmic microwave background. As there are no sufficiently powerful accelerators within this dista...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Falcke H,Apel WD,Badea AF,Bähren L,Bekk K,Bercuci A,Bertaina M,Biermann PL,Blümer J,Bozdog H,Brancus IM,Buitink S,Brüggemann M,Buchholz P,Butcher H,Chiavassa A,Daumiller K,de Bruyn AG,de Vos CM,Di Pierro F,Doll P

更新日期：2005-05-19 00:00:00