Abstract：
:Reliability, the consistency of a test or measurement, is frequently quantified in the movement sciences literature. A common metric is the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In addition, the SEM, which can be calculated from the ICC, is also frequently reported in reliability studies. However, there are several versions of the ICC, and confusion exists in the movement sciences regarding which ICC to use. Further, the utility of the SEM is not fully appreciated. In this review, the basics of classic reliability theory are addressed in the context of choosing and interpreting an ICC. The primary distinction between ICC equations is argued to be one concerning the inclusion (equations 2,1 and 2,k) or exclusion (equations 3,1 and 3,k) of systematic error in the denominator of the ICC equation. Inferential tests of mean differences, which are performed in the process of deriving the necessary variance components for the calculation of ICC values, are useful to determine if systematic error is present. If so, the measurement schedule should be modified (removing trials where learning and/or fatigue effects are present) to remove systematic error, and ICC equations that only consider random error may be safely used. The use of ICC values is discussed in the context of estimating the effects of measurement error on sample size, statistical power, and correlation attenuation. Finally, calculation and application of the SEM are discussed. It is shown how the SEM and its variants can be used to construct confidence intervals for individual scores and to determine the minimal difference needed to be exhibited for one to be confident that a true change in performance of an individual has occurred.
journal_name
J Strength Cond Resjournal_title
Journal of strength and conditioning researchauthors
Weir JPdoi
10.1519/15184.1keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-02-01 00:00:00pages
231-40issue
1eissn
1064-8011issn
1533-4287pii
15184journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Accurate assessment of muscular strength is critical for exercise prescription and functional evaluation. The warm-up protocol may affect the precision of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test. Testing guidelines recommend performing both general and specific warm-ups before strength tests. The general warm-up intends t...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e8611b
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Longitudinal information requires the notion of repeated measurements throughout time. Such data is important because it allows the determination of the effectiveness of an intervention program. Research in competitive swimming has given special emphasis to energetics and biomechanics as determinant domains to improve...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e318257807f
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The value of warming-up is a worthy research problem because it is not known whether warming-up benefits, harms, or has no effect on individuals. The purpose of this study was to review the evidence relating to performance improvement using a warm-up. A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken. Relevant stu...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Matos, F, Neves, EB, Rosa, C, Reis, VM, Saavedra, F, Silva, S, Tavares, F, and Vilaça-Alves, J. Effect of cold-water immersion on elbow flexors muscle thickness after resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 756-763, 2018-Cold-water immersion (CWI) is commonly applied to speed up the recovery process after exer...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000002322
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to determine, based on the time course of the velocity and stride pattern recorded in each 50-m segment of a 400-m competition, whether elite 400-m runners present the same pacing strategy as less successful athletes. Based on video data, 3 different levels of performance were analyzed: w...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e318194e071
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Compression garments (CGs) have been previously shown to enhance proprioception; however, this benefit has not been previously shown to transfer to improved performance in sports skills. The purpose of this study was to assess whether enhanced proprioception and comfort can be manifested in improved sports performance...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000000909
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To verify the metabolic responses of oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations [La], and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) when swimming at an intensity corresponding to the critical velocity (CV) assessed by a 4-parameter model (CV4par), and to check the reliability w...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000001239
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The current study aimed to (a) determine the rates of symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (MD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and eating disorder; (b) determine the relationships among symptoms of MD, BDD, and eating disorders; and (c) provide a comprehensive comparison of symptoms of MD, BDD, and eating disorders in a no...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000000763
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of regulating exercise intensity by ratings of perceived exertion in step dance sessions. Ten male college-aged students voluntarily participated in 2 step dance sessions for 45 minutes at 70-80% of their heart rate (HR) reserves with a 1-week int...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/00124278-200702000-00052
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Malone, S and Collins, K. Relationship between individualized training impulse and aerobic fitness measures in Hurling players across a training period. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3140-3145, 2016-The current study examined the association between individual internal training load (individualized training impulse, iTR...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000001386
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Smith machine (SM) (vertical motion of bar on fixed path; fixed-form exercise) and free weights (FWs) (free-form path) are commonly used strength training modes. Exercisers may need to alternate between types of equipment, depending on testing, training, rehabilitation, and/or the exercisers' goals. The purposes o...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/14433.1
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chan, APC, Yang, Y, Wong, FKW, Yam, MCH, Wong, DP, and Song, W-F. Reduction of physiological strain under a hot and humid environment by a hybrid cooling vest. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1429-1436, 2019-Cooling treatment is regarded as one of good practices to provide safe training conditions to athletic trainers in t...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000001837
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dugdale, JH, Hunter, AM, Di Virgilio, TG, Macgregor, LJ, and Hamilton, DL. Influence of the "Slingshot" bench press training aid on bench press kinematics and neuromuscular activity in competitive powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 327-336, 2019-This study examined the acute effects of the "Slingshot" (SS) on be...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000001853
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fyock-Martin, MB, Erickson, EK, Hautz, AH, Sell, KM, Turnbaugh, BL, Caswell, SV, and Martin, JR. What do firefighting ability tests tell us about firefighter physical fitness? A systematic review of the current evidence. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 2093-2103, 2020-The firefighting profession is a physiologically demand...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000003577
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cuevas-Aburto, J, Jukic, I, Chirosa-Ríos, LJ, González-Hernández, JM, Janicijevic, D, Barboza-González, P, Guede-Rojas, F, and García-Ramos, A. Effect of traditional, cluster, and rest redistribution set configurations on neuromuscular and perceptual responses during strength-oriented resistance training. J Strength C...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000003658
更新日期：2020-06-17 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to set up a protocol of intermittent exercise to train young basketball players. Twenty-one players were asked to complete (a) an incremental test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), the speed at the ventilatory threshold (vthr) and the energy cost of "linear" running (Cr) and (b...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181da85d1
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thirty-two master athletes (shot put, discus, and hammer throw) were divided into 4 groups according to their age (T40 [40 years of age], 50 [50 years of age], 60 [60 years of age], and 75 [75 years of age]). Twenty-eight age-matched men served as controls (C40 [40 years of age], 50 [50 years of age], 60 [60 years of ...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/00124278-200702000-00039
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The affective benefits associated with aerobic exercise are well documented. However, literature concerning resistance exercise has suggested a more variable response (i.e., a short duration increase in state anxiety, which eventually is reduced below baseline) and thus may play an important role in the adoption and m...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ae794b
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to assess the physical demands, injuries, and conditioning practices of stock car drivers. Forty stock car drivers from 27 states in the United States participated in the interviews for 43.9 ± 13.9 minutes. The interviews examined background information, the physical demands of racing, in...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822d5306
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Denham, J, Scott-Hamilton, J, Hagstrom, AD, and Gray, AJ. Cycling power outputs predict functional threshold power and maximum oxygen uptake. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3489-3497, 2020-Functional threshold power (FTP) has emerged as a correlate of lactate threshold and is commonly assessed by recreational and profess...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000002253
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Caron, KE, Burr, JF, and Power, GA.. The effect of a stretch-shortening cycle on muscle activation and muscle oxygen consumption: a study of history-dependence. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Stretch-shortening cycles (SSCs) are observed in a variety of human movements and are associated with increases in pe...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000003815
更新日期：2020-09-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this investigation was to determine whether short-term heavy resistance training (RT) in healthy older men could eliminate deficits in muscle mass and strength (ST) compared with healthy younger men. Seventeen older men (60-71 yr) performed supervised RT for 22 weeks. Before and after RT, measurements...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bf43c8
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the relationship between punching acceleration and selected strength and power variables in 19 professional karate athletes from the Brazilian National Team (9 men and 10 women; age, 23 ± 3 years; height, 1.71 ± 0.09 m; and body mass [BM], 67.34 ± 13.44 kg). Punching acceleration was assessed u...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000000329
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Low vitamin D, commonly assessed as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), is associated with the development of many age-related chronic diseases. A positive relationship exists between elevated 25OHD and muscle synthesis, strength, power, and decreased body fat in elderly individuals. However, these findings have not be...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a35ed0
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Weakley, JJS, Till, K, Read, DB, Phibbs, PJ, Roe, G, Darrall-Jones, J, and Jones, BL. The effects of superset configuration on kinetic, kinematic, and perceived exertion in the barbell bench press. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 65-72, 2020-Training that is efficient and effective is of great importance to an athlete. One...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000002179
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of 4 weeks of high-intensity vs. high-volume swim training on lactate threshold (LT) characteristics and performance. Thirteen untrained swimmers with a mean age of 19.0 ± 0.5 undertook an incremental swimming test before and after 4 weeks of training for the det...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e31821eb7bd
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sprint training on muscle function and dynamic athletic performance and to compare them with the training effects induced by standard plyometric training. Male physical education students were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 groups: sprint group (SG; n = 30), plyome...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1519/R-19535.1
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the sequence order of high-intensity endurance training and circuit training on changes in muscular strength and anaerobic power. Forty-eight physical education students (ages, 21.4 +/- 1.3 years) were assigned to 1 of 5 groups: no training controls (C, n = 9),...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a4419
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to investigate the current practice of complex training using a lower body combination of exercises. It was hypothesized that a bout of heavy resistance exercise (HRE), as typically used in complex training, would lead to enhanced performance (in the form of counter-movement [CMJ] and drop [D...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0694:abaota>2.0.co;2
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Machek, SB, Hwang, PS, Cardaci, TD, Wilburn, DT, Bagley, JR, Blake, DT, Galpin, AJ, and Willoughby, DS. Myosin heavy chain composition, creatine analogues, and the relationship of muscle creatine content and fast-twitch proportion to Wilks coefficient in powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3022-3030, 2020-Little...
journal_title：Journal of strength and conditioning research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1519/JSC.0000000000003804
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
