Abstract:
:Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been shown to participate in both experimental and human atherogenesis. Expression of MMP-9 has been shown to play a role in the instability of atherosclerotic plaque. Thus, we hypothesize that MIF may participate in the destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques by stimulating MMP-9 expression. This hypothesis was investigated by examining the expression of MIF and MMP-9 in human atherosclerotic plaques using two-color immunostaining and by determining the potential role of MIF in the induction of MMP-9 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and macrophages in vitro. Two-color immunohistochemistry demonstrated that MIF was strongly upregulated by macrophages and VSMCs. This was associated with marked increase in MMP-9 expression in vulnerable atheromatous plaques, but not in the fibrous lesions. Upregulation of MIF and MMP-9 in vulnerable atheromatous plaques was associated with the weakening of fibrous caps. The role of MIF in MMP-9 expression was demonstrated by the ability of MIF to directly induce MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression in macrophages and in VSMCs in a dose and time-dependent manner, which was blocked by a neutralizing MIF antibody. In conclusion, MIF and MMP-9 are markedly upregulated in vulnerable atheromatous plaques. The ability of MIF to induce MMP-9 expression in VSMCs and macrophages suggests that MIF may play a role in the destabilization of human atherosclerotic plaques.
journal_name
Atherosclerosisjournal_title
Atherosclerosisauthors
Kong YZ,Yu X,Tang JJ,Ouyang X,Huang XR,Fingerle-Rowson G,Bacher M,Scher LA,Bucala R,Lan HYdoi
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.08.030keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-01-01 00:00:00pages
207-15issue
1eissn
0021-9150issn
1879-1484pii
S0021-9150(04)00457-5journal_volume
178pub_type
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