Abstract:
:Generally recognized as safe (GRAS), a system for review and approval of ingredients for addition to food, was conceived at a time when the need for a less doctrinaire review of food ingredients was critical. The GRAS approval process for a food ingredient relies on the judgment of "...experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate its safety..." the end product of which is no better or worse than that by FDA, but often more expeditious. The process and requirements for a successful GRAS determination are discussed and compared with that of the food additive petition (FAP) process. The future of the GRAS process is assured by its history of successful performance, bringing safe food ingredients to the consumer in a timely manner.
journal_name
Toxicol Lettjournal_title
Toxicology lettersauthors
Burdock GA,Carabin IGdoi
10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.07.004keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-04-15 00:00:00pages
3-18issue
1eissn
0378-4274issn
1879-3169pii
S0378427404000347journal_volume
150pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章,评审abstract::Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for farm animals are of growing interest in food and feed safety with key applications for regulated compounds including quantification of tissue concentrations, kinetic parameters and the setting of safe exposure levels on an internal dose basis. The development and applicat...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.021
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eugenol, a natural phenolic constituent of clove oil, has a wide range of applications in medicine as a local antiseptic and anesthetic. However, the effect of eugenol on human glioblastoma is unclear. This study examined whether eugenol elevated intracellular free Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2+)]i) and induced apoptosis in DB...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.023
更新日期:2015-01-05 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure to chemicals released during urban waste disposal and treatment is increasingly regarded as a potential occupational health issue. Indeed, several toxic metals emitted by an incinerator, including As, Be, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni and V, have potentially toxic properties and their exposure, therefore, may be of ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.021
更新日期:2017-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Propylene oxide (PO) concentrations >or=300 ppm induced cell proliferation and tumors in rat nasal respiratory epithelium (NRE). Cell proliferation was suggested to result from depletion of glutathione (GSH) in NRE. In order to substantiate this hypothesis, cell proliferation - measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporat...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.01.009
更新日期:2009-03-28 00:00:00
abstract::Exercising volunteers exposed in chambers to as little as 80 ppb O3 for several hours exhibit impaired lung function and irritative lower airway symptoms. Comparable changes occur among children and young adults exposed to summer smog containing O3. Intensity of the response is reproducible but varies widely among ind...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(95)03565-6
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mercury, one of the widespread pollutants in the world, induces oxidative stress and dysfunction in many cell types. Alveolar type II epithelial cells are known to be vulnerable to oxidative stress. Alveolar type II epithelial cells produce and secrete surfactants to maintain morphological organization, biophysical fu...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.02.003
更新日期:2010-05-04 00:00:00
abstract::Harmonisation of risk assessment (RA) is one of the priorities for sound chemical management set by Chapter 19, Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED) 1992 Earth Summit. The benefits of harmonisation are self evident and include transportability and consistency of RA outc...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00313-0
更新日期:1998-12-28 00:00:00
abstract::Aminoglycosides have detrimental effects on the hair cells of the inner ear, yet these agents indisputably are one of the cornerstones in antibiotic therapy. Hence, there is a demand for strategies to prevent aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity, which are not available today. In vitro data suggests that the pleiotropic...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.007
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Oxidative stress is one of the main pathogenic mechanisms in vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity (VIN). Some studies suggest proximal renal tubular cell necrosis by vancomycin accumulation as a mechanism of nephrotoxicity, and other studies demonstrate that cilastatin has protective effects against drug-induce...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.023
更新日期:2017-08-05 00:00:00
abstract::cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) is one of the most effective antitumor agents currently available for cancer chemotherapy. Unfortunately, its clinical use is severely limited by its dose-dependent nephrotoxicity. Recently, it has been reported that this nephrotoxicity is associated with an increase in lip...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(91)90142-s
更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mice given single i.v. doses of some radiopharmaceuticals containing stannous chloride as a reducing agent, showed significant inhibition of hepatic azo-reductase and aromatic hydroxylase activity at dose levels which contained as little as 0.2 mg/kg of stannous chloride. Cytochrome P-450 content was also reduced sign...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(83)90105-4
更新日期:1983-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral administration of stannous chloride (SnCl2) (1.0 mg Sn2$/kg body weight) to rats, twice daily for 28 days, caused a significant increase in the tin (Sn) content and a corresponding decrease of the calcium (Ca) content in the femoral epiphysis, but was without effect on serum Ca, intestinal Ca absorption, and urin...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(82)90259-4
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intraperitoneal injection (50 mg/kg) of 2-nitropropane (2-NP) induced lipid accumulation, centrilobular necrosis, degranulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial abnormalities in rat liver 24 h after exposure. These pathological changes were accompanied by ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(81)90156-9
更新日期:1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Due to its ability to avidly accumulate methyl mercury from blood, scalp hair has been widely used as a biological monitor for human exposure. The question arises that hair may also be an important route of elimination of methyl mercury from the body. Taking original publications and reviews on the physiology of hair ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.08.010
更新日期:2008-11-10 00:00:00
abstract::About two decades ago in vitro mutagenicity tests were adopted as the first in vitro methods in regulatory toxicology. For reasons of animal welfare and better science, many validation studies of various in vitro methods were performed between 1985 and 1995 for their potential to replace the Draize eye irritation test...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00492-1
更新日期:2002-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::The European Commission has decided on harmonized classifications for a large number of individual chemicals according to its own directive for classification and labeling of dangerous substances. We have compared the harmonized classifications for acute oral toxicity to the acute oral toxicity data available in the R...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00204-2
更新日期:2003-09-30 00:00:00
abstract::Cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae"), such as Oscillatoria sp., are a ubiquitous group of bacteria found in freshwater systems worldwide that are linked to illness and in some cases, death among humans and animals. Exposure to cyanobacteria occurs via ingestion of contaminated water or food-products. Exposure of the gut...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.013
更新日期:2017-06-05 00:00:00
abstract::Dopaminergic system dysfunction is proved to be a possible mechanism in acrylamide (ACR) -induced neurotoxicity. The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) has an increasingly important role in the dopaminergic system. Thus, the goal of this study is to evaluate effects of ACR on dopamine and its metabolite levels, dopamine t...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.017
更新日期:2015-07-02 00:00:00
abstract::Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a redox cofactor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, has proven to protect neurons against glutamate-induced damage both in vitro and in vivo. This study was aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of PQQ in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) model. Pre-trea...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.011
更新日期:2015-11-04 00:00:00
abstract::Diethanolamine (DEA), a secondary amine found in a number of consumer products, reportedly induces liver tumors in mice. In an attempt to define the tumorigenic mechanism of DEA, N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) formation in vivo and development of choline deficiency were examined in mice. DEA was administered with or ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00197-6
更新日期:2000-04-03 00:00:00
abstract::Monocytes, separated from human peripheral blood, were preincubated with different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 24 h and the production of superoxide ions (O*2-) was then measured using as a stimulating agent phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. A significantly enhanced O*2- production is only observed when...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00131-9
更新日期:1999-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Early life exposure to certain kinds of chemicals is of concern because of a possible increase in cancer risk, but relevant data are limited. In the present experiment, modifying effects of prepubertal administration of potassium perchlorate (KClO(4)) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on susceptibility to multi-organ ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.013
更新日期:2009-03-28 00:00:00
abstract::Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread environmental pollutants, and the levels of certain congeners have been increasing in biota and abiota in recent decades. Some PBDEs are lipophilic and persistent, resulting in bioaccumulation in the environment. Their structural similarity to other polyhalogenated...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.12.002
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gastrointestinal tract is one of the main targets of cadmium (Cd), an important food and drinking water contaminant. In the present study, the effect of subchronic (30 days) oral (in water) intake of 5ppm and 50ppm of cadmium on immune responses in the gut was examined in rats. Cadmium consumption resulted in reductio...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.06.002
更新日期:2015-09-02 00:00:00
abstract::Benzene is a common occupational hazard and a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Benzene exposure at the levels even below 1ppm still showed hematotoxicity. It is widely accepted that the metabolites of benzene play important roles in the benzene toxicity to the hematopoietic system, but little is known about the eff...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.012
更新日期:2011-06-24 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, the detrimental effects of high iodine on intelligence are gaining tons of attention, but the relationship between high iodine and neurotoxicity is controversial. This study aimed to explore whether high iodine intake may impair intelligence and the roles of apoptosis and autophagy in high iodine-indu...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.020
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Health impacts of inhalation exposure to engineered nanomaterials have attracted increasing attention. In this paper, integrated analytical techniques with high sensitivity were used to study the brain translocation and potential impairment induced by intranasally instilled copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). Mice were expo...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.041
更新日期:2014-04-07 00:00:00
abstract::The NLRP3 inflammasome, composed of caspase-1, NLRP3 and ASC, plays a critical role in the clearance of microbial pathogens. Here, we found that the treatment of mouse macrophages with the zinc-containing dithiocarbamate ziram, a widely used fungicide in agriculture, caused a decrease in pro-caspase-1 and NLRP3 levels...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.012
更新日期:2015-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::We examined the ability of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) to transport pesticides, as this transporter mediates the cellular efflux of a variety of xenobiotics, typically as glucuronide, sulfate, or glutathione conjugates. NIH3T3 cells stably expressing MRP1 were 3.37-fold more resistant to...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00485-x
更新日期:2003-04-30 00:00:00
abstract::There are numerous observations of pharmaceuticals (or their metabolites) as contaminants in wastewater, surface water and groundwater. This implies a potential for indirect human exposure to pharmaceuticals via drinking water supplies. Various effect benchmarks may be employed in an evaluation of the significance of ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00071-7
更新日期:2003-05-15 00:00:00