Abstract：
:Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) synthesizes RNA with remarkable fidelity in vivo. Its low error rate may be achieved by means of a 'proofreading' mechanism comprised of two sequential events. The first event (backtracking) involves a transcriptionally upstream motion of RNAP through several base pairs, which carries the 3' end of the nascent RNA transcript away from the enzyme active site. The second event (endonucleolytic cleavage) occurs after a variable delay and results in the scission and release of the most recently incorporated ribonucleotides, freeing up the active site. Here, by combining ultrastable optical trapping apparatus with a novel two-bead assay to monitor transcriptional elongation with near-base-pair precision, we observed backtracking and recovery by single molecules of RNAP. Backtracking events ( approximately 5 bp) occurred infrequently at locations throughout the DNA template and were associated with pauses lasting 20 s to >30 min. Inosine triphosphate increased the frequency of backtracking pauses, whereas the accessory proteins GreA and GreB, which stimulate the cleavage of nascent RNA, decreased the duration of such pauses.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Shaevitz JW,Abbondanzieri EA,Landick R,Block SMdoi
10.1038/nature02191keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-12-11 00:00:00pages
684-7issue
6967eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature02191journal_volume
426pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:The origins of religion and of complex societies represent evolutionary puzzles1-8. The 'moralizing gods' hypothesis offers a solution to both puzzles by proposing that belief in morally concerned supernatural agents culturally evolved to facilitate cooperation among strangers in large-scale societies9-13. Although pr...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-1043-4
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells has been used to disrupt the homeobox gene hox-1.5. Mice heterozygous at the hox-1.5 locus appear normal, whereas hox-1.5-/hox-1.5- mice die at or shortly after birth. These homozygotes are athymic, aparathyroid, have reduced thyroid and submaxillary tissue and exhibit...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/350473a0
更新日期：1991-04-11 00:00:00
abstract：:The TATA sequence-binding factor TFIID plays a central role both in promoter activation by RNA polymerase II and other common initiation factors, and in promoter regulation by gene-specific factors. The sequence of yeast TFIID, which seems to be encoded by a single gene, contains interesting structural motifs that are...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/341299a0
更新日期：1989-09-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Archaeal and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 contain a unique post-translationally modified histidine residue called diphthamide, which is the target of diphtheria toxin. The biosynthesis of diphthamide was proposed to involve three steps, with the first being the formation of a C-C bond between the histidi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09138
更新日期：2010-06-17 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanism of transformation of the overtly similar cells of the neural plate into the numerous and diverse cell types of the mature vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) can better be understood by studying the clonal development of isolated CNS precursor cells. Here I describe a culture system in which blast ce...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/340471a0
更新日期：1989-08-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Animal viruses are broadly categorized structurally by the presence or absence of an envelope composed of a lipid-bilayer membrane, attributes that profoundly affect stability, transmission and immune recognition. Among those lacking an envelope, the Picornaviridae are a large and diverse family of positive-strand RNA...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12029
更新日期：2013-04-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Wilms' tumour (WT), a paediatric renal neoplasm, affect approximately 1 in 10,000 children. One or both kidneys can be affected and 5-10% of tumours are bilateral. Most tumours occur sporadically; however, around 1% of the cases are familial, with siblings or cousins most often being affected. Familial cases are more ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/336377a0
更新日期：1988-11-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The two-dimensional electron system is a powerful laboratory for investigating the physics of interacting particles. Application of a large magnetic field produces massively degenerate quantum levels known as Landau levels; within a Landau level the kinetic energy of the electrons is suppressed, and electron-electron ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08941
更新日期：2010-03-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Electric-field-induced charge separation (polarization) is the most fundamental manifestation of the interaction of light with matter and a phenomenon of great technological relevance. Nonlinear optical polarization produces coherent radiation in spectral ranges inaccessible by lasers and constitutes the key to ultima...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature17650
更新日期：2016-06-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Evidence of myc gene transduction by feline leukaemia virus in several spontaneous lymphoid tumours of cats suggests that recombinant viruses carrying oncogenes may be much more involved in oncogenesis in natural conditions than previously recognized. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/308814a0
更新日期：1984-04-26 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07142-1
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TMV RNA is not an efficient template for translation of the viral coat protein, in spite of containing nucleotide sequences coding for the protein. Efficient translation requires the prior synthesis within infected cells of a smaller RNA carrying only a portion of the information encoded in the whole genome. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/260759a0
更新日期：1976-04-29 00:00:00
abstract：:We report here the identification of human cell-surface glycoprotein with unusual and interesting properties. We initially detected this glycoprotein on the surface of cultured human haematopoietic cell lines by means of a monoclonal antibody. Although it is expressed on all cultured human haematopoietic cell lines te...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/286888a0
更新日期：1980-08-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Storing and retrieving a quantum state of light on demand, without corrupting the information it carries, is an important challenge in the field of quantum information processing. Classical measurement and reconstruction strategies for storing light must necessarily destroy quantum information as a consequence of the ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09081
更新日期：2010-06-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The Gulf Stream transports large amounts of heat from the tropics to middle and high latitudes, and thereby affects weather phenomena such as cyclogenesis and low cloud formation. But its climatic influence, on monthly and longer timescales, remains poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear how the warm current ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature06690
更新日期：2008-03-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Organocatalysis-catalysis mediated by small chiral organic molecules-is a powerful technology for enantioselective synthesis, and has extensive applications in traditional ionic, two-electron-pair reactivity domains. Recently, organocatalysis has been successfully combined with photochemical reactivity to unlock previ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/nature25175
更新日期：2018-01-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Neutralizing antibody function provides a foundation for the efficacy of vaccines and therapies1-3. Here, using a robust in vitro Ebola virus (EBOV) pseudo-particle infection assay and a well-defined set of solid-phase assays, we describe a wide spectrum of antibody responses in a cohort of healthy survivors of the Si...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-03146-y
更新日期：2021-01-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Protein structures are stabilized by hydrophobic and van der Waals forces, and by hydrogen bonds. The relation between these thermodynamic quantities and the actual three-dimensional structure of proteins can not be calculated precisely. However, certain empirical relations have been discovered. Hydrophobic energy is ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/328834a0
更新日期：1987-08-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and is targeted for emissions mitigation by the US state of California and other jurisdictions worldwide1,2. Unique opportunities for mitigation are presented by point-source emitters-surface features or infrastructure components that are typically less than 10 metres in diameter a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-1720-3
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate) reversibly inhibits the binding of (125)I-labelled epidermal growth factor (EGF) to treated mouse and human cells, but does not affect the binding of various other ligands to their membrane receptors. It alters the affinity of the receptors for EGF without changing the total...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/279387a0
更新日期：1979-05-31 00:00:00
abstract：:FokI is a member of an unusual class of bipartite restriction enzymes that recognize a specific DNA sequence and cleave DNA nonspecifically a short distance away from that sequence. Because of its unusual bipartite nature, FokI has been used to create artificial enzymes with new specificities. We have determined the c...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/40446
更新日期：1997-07-03 00:00:00
abstract：:It is well established that muscle contraction results from the relative sliding of actin and myosin filaments. Both filaments have definite polarities and well-ordered structures. Thick filaments, however, are not vital for supporting movement in vitro. Previously we have demonstrated that actin filaments can move co...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/341154a0
更新日期：1989-09-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Yeasts, which have been a component of the human diet for at least 7,000 years, possess an elaborate cell wall α-mannan. The influence of yeast mannan on the ecology of the human microbiota is unknown. Here we show that yeast α-mannan is a viable food source for the Gram-negative bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13995
更新日期：2015-01-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Pressure is mounting to relax the regulations on importation of chimpanzees for research. Such a policy is unnecessary and would deepen the plight of an already endangered species. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/333513a0
更新日期：1988-06-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Diminishing fossil fuel reserves and growing concerns about global warming indicate that sustainable sources of energy are needed in the near future. For fuels to be useful in the transportation sector, they must have specific physical properties that allow for efficient distribution, storage and combustion; these pro...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05923
更新日期：2007-06-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensory neuroscience seeks to understand how the brain encodes natural environments. However, neural coding has largely been studied using simplified stimuli. In order to assess whether the brain's coding strategy depends on the stimulus ensemble, we apply a new information-theoretic method that allows unbiased calcul...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature04519
更新日期：2006-02-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Mechanical stimuli can modify the energy landscape of chemical reactions and enable reaction pathways, offering a synthetic strategy that complements conventional chemistry. These mechanochemical mechanisms have been studied extensively in one-dimensional polymers under tensile stress using ring-opening and reorganiza...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature25765
更新日期：2018-02-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Gap junction channels are structurally distinct from other ion channels in that they comprise two hemichannels which interact head-to-head to form an aqueous channel between cells. Intercellular voltage differences together with increased intracellular concentrations of H+ and Ca2+ cause closure of these normally pate...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/365847a0
更新日期：1993-10-28 00:00:00
abstract：:For more than three-quarters of a century it has been assumed that basal metabolic rate increases as body mass raised to some power p. However, there is no broad consensus regarding the value of p: whereas many studies have asserted that p is 3/4 (refs 1-4; 'Kleiber's law'), some have argued that it is 2/3 (refs 5-7),...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08920
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects approximately 2-3% of the population worldwide and has severe effects on patients' physical and psychological well-being. The discovery that psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease has led to more targeted, effective therapies; recent advances have focused...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1038/nature14175
更新日期：2015-05-14 00:00:00
