Abstract:
:Most of the progress in human culture has required the exploitation of energy resources. About 100 years ago, the major source of energy shifted from recent solar to fossil hydrocarbons, including liquid and gaseous petroleum. Technology has generally led to a greater use of hydrocarbon fuels for most human activities, making civilization vulnerable to decreases in supply. At this time our knowledge is not sufficient for us to choose between the different estimates of, for example, resources of conventional oil.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Hall C,Tharakan P,Hallock J,Cleveland C,Jefferson Mdoi
10.1038/nature02130keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-11-20 00:00:00pages
318-22issue
6964eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature02130journal_volume
426pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::The functional assay of a eukaryotic mRNA, into which additional AUG codons have been introduced by in vitro mutagenesis, shows that a translational initiation site need not necessarily be the nearest AUG codon to the 5' end of a mRNA. Hence, the sequence surrounding the AUG, and not simply its position relative to th...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/299221a0
更新日期:1982-09-16 00:00:00
abstract::Quantum criticality is associated with a system composed of a nearly infinite number of interacting quantum degrees of freedom at zero temperature, and it implies that the system looks on average the same regardless of the time- and length scale on which it is observed. Electrons on the atomic scale do not exhibit suc...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature01978
更新日期:2003-09-18 00:00:00
abstract::In the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite germ line, sperm and then oocytes are made from a common pool of germ-cell precursors. The decision to differentiate as a sperm or an oocyte is regulated by the sex-determining gene, fem-3. Expression of fem-3 in the hermaphrodite germ line directs spermatogenesis and must b...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/349346a0
更新日期:1991-01-24 00:00:00
abstract::High-pressure transitions are thought to modify hydrogen molecules to a molecular metallic solid and finally to an atomic metal1, which is predicted to have exotic physical properties and the topology of a two-component (electron and proton) superconducting superfluid condensate2,3. Therefore, understanding such trans...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1565-9
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Distrust in scientific expertise1-14 is dangerous. Opposition to vaccination with a future vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of COVID-19, for example, could amplify outbreaks2-4, as happened for measles in 20195,6. Homemade remedies7,8 and falsehoods are being shared widely on the Internet, as well as dismi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2281-1
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A wide variety of voltage-gated K+ channels are involved in the regulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. Their heterogeneity arises in part from the large number of genes encoding different K+ channel subunits (reviewed in ref. 1). In addition, heterologous expression studies indicate that assemb...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/365072a0
更新日期:1993-09-02 00:00:00
abstract::The observations that atherosclerosis often occurs in non-smokers without elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and that most atherosclerosis loci so far identified in mice do not affect systemic risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, suggest that as-yet-unidentified mechanisms must contribute...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature03527
更新日期:2005-05-26 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 评论,新闻
doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07165-8
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Magnetic fields play a part in almost all stages of stellar evolution. Most low-mass stars, including the Sun, show surface fields that are generated by dynamo processes in their convective envelopes. Intermediate-mass stars do not have deep convective envelopes, although 10 per cent exhibit strong surface fields that...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature16171
更新日期:2016-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::We are facing a global metabolic health crisis provoked by an obesity epidemic. Here we report the human gut microbial composition in a population sample of 123 non-obese and 169 obese Danish individuals. We find two groups of individuals that differ by the number of gut microbial genes and thus gut bacterial richness...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12506
更新日期:2013-08-29 00:00:00
abstract::The fusion pore is the first crucial intermediate formed during exocytosis, yet little is known about the mechanisms that determine the size and kinetic properties of these transient structures. Here, we reduced the number of available SNAREs (proteins that mediate vesicle fusion) in neurons and observed changes in tr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature25481
更新日期:2018-02-08 00:00:00
abstract::Estimates of the total number of bacterial species indicate that existing DNA sequence databases carry only a tiny fraction of the total amount of DNA sequence space represented by this division of life. Indeed, environmental DNA samples have been shown to encode many previously unknown classes of proteins and RNAs. B...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08586
更新日期:2009-12-03 00:00:00
abstract::Asteroids are primitive Solar System bodies that evolve both collisionally and through disruptions arising from rapid rotation. These processes can lead to the formation of binary asteroids and to the release of dust, both directly and, in some cases, through uncovering frozen volatiles. In a subset of the asteroids c...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature23892
更新日期:2017-09-20 00:00:00
abstract::The Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins mediate cell cell interactions during cell growth and differentiation in both embryos and adults. Canonical Wnt signalling by way of the beta-catenin pathway is transduced by two receptor families. Frizzled proteins and lipoprotein-receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) bin...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature756
更新日期:2002-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::In this Article, in Fig. 1a, the 5' and 3' labels were reversed in the DNA sequence, and Fig. 4 was missing panel labels a-e. These errors have been corrected online. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1343-8
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animal behaviour arises from computations in neuronal circuits, but our understanding of these computations has been frustrated by the lack of detailed synaptic connection maps, or connectomes. For example, despite intensive investigations over half a century, the neuronal implementation of local motion detection in t...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12450
更新日期:2013-08-08 00:00:00
abstract::A complex between HLA-DR3 and a fragment of invariant chain called CLIP was isolated from a human cell line defective in antigen presentation and its X-ray crystal structure determined. Previous data indicate that this complex is an intermediate in class II histocompatibility maturation, occurring between invariant ch...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/378457a0
更新日期:1995-11-30 00:00:00
abstract::The promoters of eukaryotic genes are being increasingly defined through the identification of consensus DNA sequences, by mutational analysis, and by in vitro and in vivo studies of transcription. Whereas the TATA sequence (Goldberg-Hogness box) has been largely conserved among protein encoding genes (transcribed by ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/301167a0
更新日期:1983-01-13 00:00:00
abstract::Membrane-bound receptors often form large assemblies resulting from binding to soluble ligands, cell-surface molecules on other cells and extracellular matrix proteins. For example, the association of membrane proteins with proteins on different cells (trans-interactions) can drive the oligomerization of proteins on t...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10183
更新日期:2011-07-27 00:00:00
abstract::Human T-cell receptors for antigen and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants have now been defined on inducer, suppressor, and class 1 and class 2 MHC-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes as T3-associated clonotypic molecules (Ti) of relative molecular mass 90,000 (90K) composed of one 49-54K alpha- and one ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/312269a0
更新日期:1984-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Zooxanthellae, endosymbiotic algae of reef-building corals, substantially contribute to the high gross primary production of coral reefs, but corals exude up to half of the carbon assimilated by their zooxanthellae as mucus. Here we show that released coral mucus efficiently traps organic matter from the water column ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02344
更新日期:2004-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::Global patterns of species richness and their structuring forces have fascinated biologists since Darwin and provide critical context for contemporary studies in ecology, evolution and conservation. Anthropogenic impacts and the need for systematic conservation planning have further motivated the analysis of diversity...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09329
更新日期:2010-08-26 00:00:00
abstract::Temperature is a key factor in controlling the distribution of marine organisms and is particularly important at hydrothermal vents, where steep thermal gradients are present over a scale of centimetres. The thermophilic worm Alvinella pompejana, which is found at the vents of the East Pacific Rise (2,500-m depth), ha...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35099674
更新日期:2001-10-18 00:00:00
abstract::In double-stranded-RNA (dsRNA) viruses found in animals, bacteria and yeast, the genome is transcribed within the structurally intact core of the virion with extraordinary efficiency. The structural organization of the genome and the enzymes involved in the transcription inside any of these viruses, critical for under...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/382471a0
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00737-2
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Yeast phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (Sec14p) is required for the production of secretory vesicles from the Golgi. This requirement can be relieved by inactivation of the cytosine 5'-diphosphate (CDP)-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, indicating that Sec14p is an essential component of a reg...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/387101a0
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::At fertilization, an increase of cytosolic calcium ions (Ca2+) triggers various activation responses in animal eggs. In vertebrates, these responses include exit from metaphase arrest in meiosis II (MII exit) and cortical remodelling initiated by cortical granule exocytosis. Although the essential requirement of Ca2+/...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06136
更新日期:2007-09-20 00:00:00
abstract::The intestinal tract maintains proper function by replacing aged cells with freshly produced cells that arise from a population of self-renewing intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In the mammalian intestine, ISC self renewal, amplification and differentiation take place along the crypt-villus axis, and are controlled by th...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07156
更新日期:2008-07-31 00:00:00
abstract::Some surprising facts about the most productive institutions emerge when Japanese life-science research is subject to a novel type of assessment. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/372125a0
更新日期:1994-11-10 00:00:00
abstract::In multinucleated heterokaryons formed from the fusion of differentiated muscle cells to either hepatocytes or fibroblasts, muscle-specific gene expression is activated, liver-specific gene expression is repressed, and there are changes in the location of the Golgi apparatus. An understanding of the regulatory mechani...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/344454a0
更新日期:1990-03-29 00:00:00