Abstract：
:The destiny of activated T cells is critical to the ultimate fate of immune response. After encountering antigen, naïve T cells receive signal 1 through the T-cell receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus antigenic peptide complex and signal 2 through "positive" costimulatory molecules leading to full activation. "Negative" T-cell costimulatory pathways, on the other hand, function to downregulate immune responses. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of the functions of the positive and negative T-cell costimulatory pathways in alloimmune responses. Specifically, we discuss the functions of the CD28:B7 and the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR):tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of molecules in allograft rejection and tolerance. We address the following important questions: are T-cell costimulatory pathways merely redundant or do they provide distinct and unique functions? What are the important and unique interactions between the various pathways? And, what are the effects and mechanisms of targeting of these pathways in different types and patterns of allograft rejection and tolerance models?
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Rothstein DM,Sayegh MHdoi
10.1046/j.1600-065x.2003.00088.xkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-12-01 00:00:00pages
85-108eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xpii
088journal_volume
196pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Obesity is an established risk factor for many cancers and has recently been found to alter the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapies. Currently, however, the effects of obesity on immunometabolism remain unclear. Understanding these associations is critical, given the fact that T cell metabolism is tightly linked ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12849
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Once across the barrier of the epithelium, macrophages constitute the primary defense against microbial invasion. For most microbes, the acidic, hydrolytically competent environment of the phagolysosome is sufficient to kill them. Despite our understanding of the trafficking events that regulate phagosome maturation, ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00547.x
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review emphasizes some of the differences between the fate of allogeneic H2-incompatible T-cells, when injected into immunodeficient, T-depleted mice, or as parental cells injected into F1 hybrids. In both conditions, allogeneic cells are eliminated, a rejection which cannot be predicted from the fate of a skin g...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1983.tb01079.x
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The general thrust of this volume is to review the roles of accessory cells in regulating T and B lymphocytes. To that end, we have summarized the evidence that indicates the crucial role that Langerhans cells play in the induction and expression of immunity to antigens that gain access to, or arise within, skin. Lang...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1990.tb00572.x
更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies in the last 20 years have given us a remarkable insight into the functional and phenotypic diversity of macrophages which reflects their integral role in host defence, homeostasis and pathogenesis. Mouse genetics, transcriptomic and epigenetic studies have provided an ontogenic and molecular perspective to the...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12603
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A key unresolved challenge for developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the discovery of strategies to elicit immune responses that are able to cross-protect against a significant fraction of the diverse viruses that are circulating worldwide. Here, we summarize some of the immunological implications of HIV-1 diversit...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12516
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aged animals and humans exhibit a decreased T-cell activation response although they also exhibit increased susceptibility to responses to self-antigens and a loss of self-tolerance. The age-related alteration in T-cell reactivity, polyclonal expansion of T cells, and enhanced production of autoantibodies may reflect ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00270.x
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human T cell hybridomas were generated by several techniques and the supernatants generated were screened for activity on human B cells. Three general activities were noted; B cell proliferation factor ( BCPF ), B cell differentiation factor (BCDF), and an IgA isotype-specific helper factor. BCPF acts on B cells to in...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb00479.x
更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More than 20 years ago, immunologists discovered that resistance and susceptibility to experimental infection with the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major was associated with the development of T-helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-dominated immune responses, respectively. This infectious disease model was later used to iden...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00983.x
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The regulation of immunological tolerance is considered from the perspective of contextual discrimination, rather than self-nonself discrimination. According to the adaptive lymphocyte hypothesis, the scale of immune aggression versus tolerance can be regulated at the cell population level, but individual cells also t...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb01509.x
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TCR repertoire studies in RA have yielded conflicting data. These studies were initiated on the premise that clonal expression of T cells at the site of inflammation could serve as a target for immune therapies designed on the basis of the option to inactivate or eliminate the presumed pathogenic T cells. These analys...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00063.x
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD4(+) T lymphocytes orchestrate adaptive immune responses by differentiating into various subsets of effector T cells such as T-helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells. These subsets have been generally described by master transcription factors that dictate the expression of cytokines and receptors, which u...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12055
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is colonized by trillions of beneficial commensal bacteria that are essential for promoting normal intestinal physiology. While the majority of commensal bacteria are found in the intestinal lumen, many species have also adapted to colonize different anatomical locations in th...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12186
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of distinct central, effector, and exhausted CD8+ T-cell memory subsets were first described in the setting of acute and chronic viral diseases. The role of these T-cell memory subsets are now being illuminated as relevant to the tumor-bearing state. The g...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00391.x
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Solid organ transplantation is a vital therapy for end stage diseases. Decades of research have established that components of the adaptive immune system are critical for transplant rejection, but the role of the innate immune system in organ transplantation is just emerging. Accumulating evidence indicates that the i...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12146
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pattern of polymorphisms at MHC loci was studied by computer simulations and by DNA sequence analyses, with special reference to synonymous and non-synonymous divergence among alleles. A model of overdominance plus short-term selection was simulated for a gene family with allelic and non-allelic gene conversion. I...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01401.x
更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes involves a series of cellular interactions, many of which are carried out by cytokines. Macrophages, NK cells and neutrophils participate in early stages of Listeria resistance. The neutrophil is specially important for clearance of the liver phase of listeriosis. Ma...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00988.x
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Group 1 innate lymphocytes consist of a phenotypically, spatially, and functionally heterogeneous population of NK cells and ILC1s that are engaged during pathogen invasion. We are only beginning to understand the context-dependent roles that different subsets of group 1 innate lymphocytes play during homeostatic pert...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12710
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in teleost fish is structurally similar to that in mammals, comprising a series of variable gene segments upstream of two constant region genes coding for IgM and IgD. Atlantic salmon have been shown to possess two distinct heavy chain loci, related to the tetraploid ancestry of th...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01260.x
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) are a diverse subset of innate immune cells that are key regulators of the host response to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. HIV-1 directly and indirectly modulates DC function to hinder the formation of effective antiviral immunity and fuel immune activation. This review focuses...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12082
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Systems biology is the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the interactions between all of the components of biological systems over time. Systems biology involves an iterative cycle, in which emerging biological problems drive the development of new technologies and computational tools. These technologies and ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00721.x
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Upon antigen recognition, T cells undergo substantial membrane and cytoskeletal rearrangements that lead to the formation of the immunological synapse and are necessary for subsequent T-cell activation. However, little is known about how membrane and cytoskeletal molecules interact during these processes. Here we disc...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18911.x
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pivotal discovery that two chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, serve along with the T-cell receptor-interacting CD4 molecule as the principal co-receptors for HIV-1 entry stimulated a search for common genetic polymorphism in their genes which might affect the course of AIDS. Four mutational variants, CCR5-delta3...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2000.17710.x
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of T cells to respond to a wide array of foreign antigens while avoiding reactivity to self is largely determined by cellular selection of developing T cells in the thymus. While a great deal is known about the cell types and molecules involved in T-cell selection in the thymus, our understanding of the sp...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12398
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The age-associated changes in humoral immunity affect the quality more than the quantity of the antibody response. Changes in the quality of the antibody response with age include shifts in antibody specificities from foreign to autoantigens, in antibody isotypes from IgG to IgM, in antibody affinities from high to lo...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01032.x
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A detailed analysis of the genes and proteins that participate in the murine immune response to PC has provided key insights at the structural level into the phenomenon of somatic mutation in B cells. Most anti-PC antibodies are encoded by 1 VH gene of the S107 subfamily, and 3 VK genes, VKT15 of the VK22 subfamily, V...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1987.tb00509.x
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BioBreeding (BB) rats spontaneously develop an autoimmune diabetic syndrome similar to that observed in humans and NOD mice. One of the diabetes susceptibility loci maps to the lyp locus on chromosome 4. In this article we describe the consequences of the BB rat lyp mutation on T-cell homeostasis, repertoire and funct...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840115.x
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The scale and scope of the global epidemic, coupled to challenges with traditional vaccine development approaches, point toward a need for novel methodologies for HIV vaccine research. While the development of vaccines able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies remains the ultimate goal, to date, vaccines continue...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12503
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Expressed predominantly on myeloid and natural killer (NK) cells, DAP12 is an adapter protein that can associate with a variety of receptors. To date, DAP12 has predominantly been characterized as an adapter protein that activates various myeloid and NK cell effector functions; however, recent findings have demonstrat...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00466.x
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a central role in controlling immune responsiveness, susceptibility to certain diseases and histo-incompatibility. A physical map of the complete rat MHC, the RTI complex, is presented based on a PAC clonal contig (RT1n haplotype). Expression profiling of various tissue...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840108.x
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
