Abstract：
INTRODUCTION:Little is known about sex differences in human fetal heart and behaviour. PATIENTS AND METHODS:One hundred twenty-three nulliparous healthy women carrying a male (n=56) or female (n=67) fetus participated in this study. All pregnancies remained uncomplicated and delivery was uneventful. Ultrasound observation of fetal general movements (GM) was performed for 1 h at 15-17 (T1) and 27-28 (T2) weeks of gestation and for 2 h at 37-39 weeks (T3). Fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring occurred simultaneously with fetal ultrasound observations at T2 and T3. The incidence of GM (percentage of time), FHR and its variability, and the incidences of fetal heart rate patterns (HRP) A-D and behavioural states 1F-4F were compared between boys and girls. RESULTS:There were no significant differences between males and females in the distribution of HRP A-D, overall behavioural state distribution, and basal FHR, FHR variability or the presence of GM during quiet and active sleep (or during HRP A and HRP B, respectively). A TimeXSex interaction effect for GM assessed for total record length and a higher %GM in male fetuses at term age were the only significant findings. However, these observations lost statistical significance after adjustment for the effects of fetal wakefulness, which occurred to a higher extent in male than in female fetuses. CONCLUSION:Our data do not provide evidence for a difference in fetal functional development or maturation between the two sexes.
journal_name
Early Hum Devjournal_title
Early human developmentauthors
Robles de Medina PG,Visser GH,Huizink AC,Buitelaar JK,Mulder EJdoi
10.1016/s0378-3782(03)00047-1keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-08-01 00:00:00pages
17-26issue
1-2eissn
0378-3782issn
1872-6232pii
S0378378203000471journal_volume
73pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:Septic complications lead to a high mortality rate in very low birthweight infants (VLBWI). Therefore, prognostic markers for the development of sepsis attach importance to start an efficient therapy as early as possible. AIMS:Functional and phenotypical variables of blood monocytes in the cord and peripher...
journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-3782(01)00245-6
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1995-11-24 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
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更新日期：1998-08-28 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Obstetrical and neonatal complications and/or an adverse parenting environment are risk factors for language impairment, but little is known about their effects on early word production (late talking). AIMS:To determine obstetrical and neonatal risk factors in children with delayed word production; to asses...
journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.009
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-3782(81)90034-7
更新日期：1981-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
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更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-3782(96)01762-8
更新日期：1996-07-19 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-3782(98)00100-5
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.02.005
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND AIM:Turner syndrome (TS) patients have an increased risk of weight gain and metabolic syndrome. To date, it is unknown what factors are involved in this metabolic process, even though it is recognized that TS patients are frequently born small-for-gestational age. The aim of this study was to evaluate th...
journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.07.014
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.026
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.09.004
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-3782(79)90042-2
更新日期：1979-12-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-3782(97)00073-x
更新日期：1998-04-17 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1984-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.002
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.09.004
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1985-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-3782(90)90007-6
更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Soluble fibrinogen--fibrin complex levels were found to be significantly higher in plasma samples from pregnant women with babies suffering from intrauterine growth retardation, when compared with levels found in normal pregnancy. As soluble fibrinogen--fibrin complexes are formed following activation of the coagulati...
journal_title：Early human development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-3782(78)90006-3
更新日期：1978-07-01 00:00:00
