Abstract:
:By examining many alternative arrangements of cortical areas, we have found that the arrangement actually present in the brain minimizes the volume of the axons required for interconnecting the areas. Our observations support the notion that the organization of cortical areas has evolved to optimize interareal connections.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Klyachko VA,Stevens CFdoi
10.1073/pnas.0932745100keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-06-24 00:00:00pages
7937-41issue
13eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
0932745100journal_volume
100pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Sequestration, the adherence of infected erythrocytes containing late developmental stages of the parasite (trophozoites and schizonts) to the endothelium of capillaries and venules, is characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infections. We have studied two host factors, the spleen and antibody, that influence sequest...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.16.5075
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have analyzed the level of intraindividual sequence variability (heteroplasmy) of mtDNA in human brain by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Single base substitutions, as well as insertions or deletions of single bases, were numerous in the noncoding control region (D-loop), and 35-45% of the m...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.22.12382
更新日期:1996-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in activating various plant defense responses, including expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and systemic acquired resistance. A critical positive regulator of the SA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis is encoded by the NPR1 gene. However, there is growing eviden...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.151258398
更新日期:2001-07-31 00:00:00
abstract::When a sensory stimulus repeats, neuronal firing rate and functional MRI blood oxygen level-dependent responses typically decline, yet perception and behavioral performance either stay constant or improve. An additional aspect of neuronal activity is neuronal synchronization, which can enhance the impact of neurons on...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1309714111
更新日期:2014-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with primary (AL) cardiac amyloidosis suffer from progressive cardiomyopathy with a median survival of less than 8 months and a 5-year survival of <10%. Contributing to this poor prognosis is the fact that these patients generally do not tolerate standard heart failure therapies. The molecular mechanisms unde...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0912263107
更新日期:2010-03-02 00:00:00
abstract::PKC eta is expressed predominantly in the epithelial tissues; however, its role in the regulation of epithelial tight junctions (TJs) is unknown. We present evidence that PKC eta phosphorylates occludin on threonine residues (T403 and T404) and plays a crucial role in the assembly and/or maintenance of TJs in Caco-2 a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0802741106
更新日期:2009-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) activity has been attributed to the highly labile nitric oxide radical (NO). In view of the fact that the plasma and cellular milieux contain reactive species that can rapidly inactivate NO, it has been postulated that NO is stabilized by a carrier molecule that preserves its...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.1.444
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The stability of an immunogen against enzymatic degradation is considered an important factor for the design of synthetic vaccines. For our studies, we have selected an epitope from the tandem-repeat unit of the high-molecular-weight MUC2 mucin glycoprotein, which can be underglycosylated in case of colon cancer. In t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0407677102
更新日期:2005-01-11 00:00:00
abstract::To test the hypothesis that the pubertal increase in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) release is withheld by a dominant inhibitory neuronal system, the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a known inhibitory neurotransmitter, in the control of LHRH release was examined in conscious female monkeys at the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.1.395
更新日期:1994-01-04 00:00:00
abstract::A duplex 21 nucleotide small interfering RNA (siRNA) against human Keap1 is described that represents a unique class of cancer chemopreventive agent. This siRNA can knockdown Keap1 mRNA and thereby relieve negative regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated gene expression. The siRNA...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0501475102
更新日期:2005-05-17 00:00:00
abstract::G-protein metallochaperones ensure fidelity during cofactor assembly for a variety of metalloproteins, including adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and hydrogenase, and thus have both medical and biofuel development applications. Here, we present crystal structures of IcmF, a natural fusion ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1419582112
更新日期:2015-02-24 00:00:00
abstract::Embryonic stem cells (derived from 129/Ola mice) containing a mutant hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene that had been corrected in vitro in a planned manner by homologous recombination were injected into blastocysts obtained from C57BL/6J mice. The injected blastocysts were introduced into pseudopregnant fema...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.22.8927
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are a highly tumorigenic cell type present as a minority population in developmentally diverse tumors and cell lines. Using a genetic screen in an inducible model of CSC formation in a breast cell line, we identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that inhibit CSC growth and are down-regulated in CSCs....
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1212811109
更新日期:2012-09-04 00:00:00
abstract::Food choices are shifting globally in ways that are negatively affecting both human health and the environment. Here we consider how consuming an additional serving per day of each of 15 foods is associated with 5 health outcomes in adults and 5 aspects of agriculturally driven environmental degradation. We find that ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1906908116
更新日期:2019-11-12 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial virulence factors are typically surface-associated or secreted molecules that in Gram-negative bacteria must cross the outer membrane (OM). Protein translocation across the bacterial OM is not well understood. To elucidate this process we studied P pilus biogenesis in Escherichia coli. We present high-resolu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3146
更新日期:1998-03-17 00:00:00
abstract::Protein kinases play key roles in the induction by human interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) of specific gene expression and biological activity in various human cell lines. We now report that IFN-alpha increased the 7-kb transcript for the epsilon isotype of protein kinase C (PKC-epsilon) and the cellular content of PKC-eps...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.15.6944
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis have become an increasingly important subject as pathogens have become increasingly resistant to current antibiotics. The adhesion of microorganisms to the surface of host tissue is often a first step in pathogenesis and is a plausible target for new antiinfective agents. Examinati...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.230451697
更新日期:2000-11-21 00:00:00
abstract::Subunits A and B of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are synthesized as higher molecular weight precursors when polyadenylylated mRNA from angiosperm seedlings is translated in vitro by wheat germ ribosomes. The in vivo levels of mRNA coding for these precursors are strongly light dependent, and th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.24.7624
更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The identification of genes contributing to the adaptation of local populations is of great biological interest. In an attempt to characterize functionally important differences among African and non-African Drosophila melanogaster populations, we surveyed neutral microsatellite variation in an 850-kb genomic sequence...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.202336899
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ecological niche is a key concept for elucidating patterns of species distributions and developing strategies for conserving biodiversity. However, recent times are seeing a widespread debate whether species niches are conserved across space and time (niche conservatism hypothesis). Biological invasions represent ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2004289117
更新日期:2020-09-22 00:00:00
abstract::Infection with avian influenza A virus of the H5N1 subtype (isolates A/HK/212/03 and A/HK/213/03) was fatal to one of two members of a family in southern China in 2003. This incident was preceded by lethal outbreaks of H5N1 influenza in waterfowl, which are the natural hosts of these viruses and, therefore, normally h...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0402443101
更新日期:2004-05-25 00:00:00
abstract::The helical ribosome structures of Mycoplasma gallisepticum have been analyzed by optical diffraction and the rotational symmetry technique. The helix repeat (510 A) is composed of 10 ribosomes in 3 turns. The rotational studies show some ribosome fine structure. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.68.1.43
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Euplotes raikovi of the wild-type strain 13 was found to be heterozygous (mat-1/mat-2) for the genetic locus mat, which is supposed to control the mating-type specificity of freely released mating pheromones ("euplomones"), and capable of yielding the two types of corresponding homozygotes (mat-1/mat-1, mat-2/mat-2). ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.9.2889
更新日期:1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes a proteasome that carries out regulated degradation of bacterial proteins. It has been proposed that the proteasome contributes to nitrogen metabolism in M. tuberculosis, although this hypothesis had not been tested. Upon assessing M. tuberculosis growth in several...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1819468116
更新日期:2019-02-19 00:00:00
abstract::Under steady-state conditions, the immune system is poised to sense and respond to the microbiota. As such, immunity to the microbiota, including T cell responses, is expected to precede any inflammatory trigger. How this pool of preformed microbiota-specific T cells contributes to tissue pathologies remains unclear. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2003022117
更新日期:2020-07-14 00:00:00
abstract::We have investigated whether glycosylation of membrane glycoproteins is a determinant of the site of maturation of enveloped viruses in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In MDCK cell monolayers, vesicular stomatitis virus buds exclusively from the basal or lateral plasma membranes and contains a sialylated glyco...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.12.6430
更新日期:1979-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The diphtheria tox repressor (DtxR) of Corynebacterium diphtheriae plays a critical role in the regulation of diphtheria toxin expression and the control of other iron-sensitive genes. The crystal structures of apo-DtxR and of the metal ion-activated form of the repressor have been solved and used to identify motifs i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.21.9843
更新日期:1995-10-10 00:00:00
abstract::C-1027 is an enediyne antitumor antibiotic composed of four distinct moieties: an enediyne core, a deoxy aminosugar, a beta-amino acid, and a benzoxazolinate moiety. We now show that the benzoxazolinate moiety is derived from chorismate by the sequential action of two enzymes-SgcD, a 2-amino-2-deoxyisochorismate (ADIC...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0708750105
更新日期:2008-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Uropathogenic Escherichia coli invade bladder epithelial cells (BECs) by direct entry into specialized cAMP regulated exocytic compartments. Remarkably, a significant number of these intracellular bacteria are subsequently expelled in a nonlytic and piecemeal fashion by infected BECs. Here, we report that expulsion of...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900527106
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A target protein for nalidixic and oxolinic acids in Escherichia coli, the nalA gene product (Pnal), was purified to homogeneity as judged by gel electrophoresis, using an in vitro complementation assay. It is a dimer of identical 110,000-dalton subunits. A polypeptide of this molecular weight is uniquely induced by a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.4767
更新日期:1977-11-01 00:00:00