Abstract：
:The present study was designed to investigate the role of reduced air density on the energetics of 100 m running at altitude. A mathematical supply-demand model was used where supply had two components, aerobic and anaerobic and demand had three components: the cost of overcoming non-aerodynamic forces (C(na)), the cost of overcoming air resistance (C(aero)), and the cost due to changes in the runner's kinetic energy (C(kin)). Actual instantaneous-speed curves recorded in 100 m world champions were modelled at sea level. Then I calculated improvements in 100 m running times and changes in the components of the energy cost with changes in altitude from 0 m to 4,000 m. For the 100 m world championship for men, the model predicted times of 9.88 s at sea level, 9.80 s at 1,000 m, 9.73 s at 2,000 m, 9.64 s at 4,000 m and 9.15 s in the hypothetical situation where the air resistance was nil. In the counterpart for women the corresponding times were 10.85 s, 10.76 s, 10.70 s, 10.60 s and 10.04 s. The C(aero) was 12%-13% of demand at sea level, 10%-11% at 2,000 m and 8%-9% at 4,000 m. When C(aero) decreased this led to better performance by making more energy available for acceleration. Accordingly, C(kin) increased from 20%-24% at sea level to 23%-27% at 4,000 m. There was no effect of altitude specific to body size.
journal_name
Eur J Appl Physioljournal_title
European journal of applied physiologyauthors
Arsac LMdoi
10.1007/s00421-002-0587-3keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-05-01 00:00:00pages
78-84issue
1eissn
1439-6319issn
1439-6327journal_volume
87pub_type
杂志文章abstract：PURPOSE:We investigated the consequence of varying hypoxia severity during an initial set of repeated cycling sprints on performance, neuromuscular fatigability, and exercise-related sensations during a subsequent set of repeated sprints in normoxia. METHODS:Nine active males performed ten 4-s sprints (recovery = 30 s...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-020-04327-3
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) is used to evaluate functional capacity and assess prognosis in cardiac patients. Ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2) reflects ventilation-perfusion mismatch; the minimum VE/VCO2 value (minVE/VCO2) is representative of pulmonary arterial blood flow in individuals without pulm...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-018-3884-1
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Eccentric training has been popularized for physical conditioning and prevention/rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders, especially due to the expressive responses in terms of muscular strength gain. In view of evidence that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is able to increase exercise performance and accele...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-014-3055-y
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Our purpose was to compare supramaximal versus submaximal intensity eccentric training performed until volitional fatigue. METHODS:Thirty-two young adults (19 males) were randomized into one of three groups: (1) ECC110 performed eccentric (ECC) only contractions at 110% of concentric (CON) 1-repetition maximum...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-017-3700-3
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Post-exercise cardiac vagal reactivation is well-investigated; however, the effect of water intake during this period has not been well studied. Therefore, our aim was to assess the influence of water intake on the cardiac vagal reactivation after 30 min of a submaximal cycling exercise. Ten healthy subjects (eight me...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-007-0584-7
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of sports activities in the over forties has increased the number of middle-aged patients performing heavy-load exercise. The normal response of ankle systolic blood pressure (ASBP) and ankle to brachial index (ABI) to intense exercise is known in young athletes, but little is known for other age group...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-005-0105-5
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated changes in the P100 latency of the visual evoked potential (VEP) and the saccadic reaction time (SRT) in relation to the degree of activity of the shoulder girdle elevators. Muscle force was set in 10% increments from 0% to 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The VEP was derived from a midl...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-004-1151-0
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:This study examined the mechanisms for force and power reduction during and up to 48 h after maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles in young men and women. METHODS:13 men (22.8 ± 2.6 years) and 13 women (21.6 ± 2.2 years) performed 150 maximal effort eccentric contractions (5 sets of 30) w...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-017-3599-8
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Appropriate technique choice may affect ski performance. V2 ski skating technique has in recent years become more widely applied on uphill terrain where V1 technique has typically been used. This investigation compared physiological responses of skiers using V1 and V2 techniques during uphill treadmill roller-skiing. ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-005-1332-5
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of the present study was to investigate the electromyography (EMG) to torque relationship of the vastus intermedius (VI) muscle. Thirteen healthy men performed maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and submaximal contraction during isometric knee extension at 10% of the MVC to 90% of the MVC at intervals of ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-009-1064-z
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) at selected acupoints on enhancing the rate of muscle force recovery after strenuous knee extension/flexion exercise. Ten male and seven female healthy young adults participated in this study in which they perform...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-007-0463-2
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To compare the effect of hyperthermia on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in men and women, VO2max was measured in 11 male and 11 female runners under seven conditions involving various ambient temperatures (Ta at 50% RH) and preheating designed to manipulate the esophageal (Tes) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures at VO2m...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-004-1053-1
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether a single session of spinal manipulation (SM) increases strength and cortical drive in the lower limb (soleus muscle) of elite Taekwondo athletes. METHODS:Soleus-evoked V-waves, H-reflex and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the plantar flexors w...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-018-3799-x
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:This study tested the hypothesis that a novel, audio-visual-directed, home-based exercise training intervention would be effective at improving cardiometabolic health and mental well-being in inactive premenopausal women. METHODS:Twenty-four inactive premenopausal women (39 ± 10 years) were randomly assigned t...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-020-04315-7
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Supra-tolerance head-to-foot directed gravitoinertial load (+Gz) typically induces a sequence of symptoms/signs, including loss of: peripheral vision-central vision-consciousness. The risk of unconsciousness is greater when anti-G-garment failure occurs after prolonged rather than brief exposures, presumably be...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-016-3499-3
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 2 weeks of ankle joint immobilization on triceps surae neural activation, with particular emphasis on the potential differences between the monoarticular soleus and the biarticular gastrocnemius muscles. Seventeen male volunteers were divided into the immobili...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-004-1225-z
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prolonged, strenuous exercise may lead to suppressive effects on the immune system, which might be responsible for a greater susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of carbohydrate substitution (CHS) during prolonged, strenuous exercise on neutrophil granulocytes ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-002-0642-0
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exercise intolerance in heart transplant recipients (HTR) has a multifactorial origin, involving complex interactions among cardiac, neurohormonal, vascular, skeletal muscle and pulmonary abnormalities. However, the role of these abnormalities may differ as a function of time after transplantation and of many other va...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00421-003-0952-x
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Harmful effects of inhaled particulates have been established in epidemiologic studies of ambient air pollution. In particular, heart rate variability responses to high levels of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), similar to responses observed during direct smoking, have been reported. We sought to determine wh...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-014-2998-3
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Isometric resistance training has repeatedly shown to be an effective exercise modality in lowering resting blood pressure (BP), yet associated mechanisms and sex differences in the response to training remain unclear. Exploration into potential sex differences in the response to isometric resistance train...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-016-3366-2
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, the effect of a simulated dive on rat brain was investigated using several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-methods and immunohistochemistry. Rats were randomly assigned to a dive- or a control group. The dive group was exposed to a simulated air dive to 600 kPa for 45 min. Pulmonary artery was monitore...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-012-2565-8
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Testosterone and cortisol respond to exercise stimuli and modulate adaptation. Episodic basal secretion of these hormones may modify the responsiveness of these hormones. We sought to identify episodic steroid secretion via frequent salivary sampling and investigate any interaction between ultradian rhythmicity and in...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-010-1518-3
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of active vs. passive recovery on the time to exhaustion for intermittent runs (15 s) at supramaximal velocity (120% of maximal aerobic speed). Twelve male subjects performed a graded test, an intermittent run to exhaustion with active recovery (50% of maximal aerob...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-003-0834-2
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:This study investigated the effects of repeated-sprint (RS) training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (RSH-VHL) on physiological adaptations, RS ability (RSA) and anaerobic performance. METHODS:Over a 3-week period, eighteen well-trained cyclists completed six RS sessions in c...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-019-04184-9
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the exercise intensity of a mountain bike (MTB) marathon race lasting 8 days. Seven amateur MTBers (age 33.6 +/- 3.0 years, height 1.67 +/- 0.5 m, body mass 58.4 +/- 9.9 kg) completing the Transalp Challenge 2004 were involved in the study. Before the race subjects ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-008-0855-y
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A mathematical description of the regulation of ATP production in muscle cells is presented whereby the activity of OxP can be calculated as a function of (1) free [ADP] as the substrate and (2) a second driving force PhiDelta G (kilojoules per mole) resulting from the difference of free energy Delta G(ox,ap) (kilojou...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00421-002-0676-3
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:This study examined whether lower-volume exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) performed 2 weeks before high-volume muscle-damaging exercise protects against its detrimental effect on running performance. METHODS:Sixteen male participants were randomly assigned to a lower-volume (five sets of ten squats, n = 8...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-015-3131-y
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Based on studies using maximal isometric contractions, it is suggested that fatigue may be elicited due to hyperthermia-induced impairments in central neuromuscular activation. We investigated the effects of passive hyperthermia on isokinetic maximal force production. Twenty young healthy males [peak oxygen uptake 52....
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-004-1062-0
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a fatigue-inducing bout of submaximal, intermittent isometric contractions on the electromechanical delay (EMD) of the leg extensors and flexors in young and old men. METHODS:Twenty young (mean ± SD: age = 25 ± 2.8 years) and sixteen old (age = 70.8 ±...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-013-2675-y
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study was conducted in order to evaluate whether physiological strain is alleviated by a new personal cooling system (CS) consisting of a layered vest and integrated blower that generate a flow of air. Twelve male volunteers were exposed to climatic conditions of 40 degrees C, 40%RH (40/40), and 35 degrees...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-008-0716-8
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
