Abstract:
:This article presents an agent-based computational model of civil violence. Two variants of the civil violence model are presented. In the first a central authority seeks to suppress decentralized rebellion. In the second a central authority seeks to suppress communal violence between two warring ethnic groups.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Epstein JMdoi
10.1073/pnas.092080199keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-05-14 00:00:00pages
7243-50eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
092080199journal_volume
99 Suppl 3pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The cytokines interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 induce many of the same biological responses, including class switching to IgE and induction of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and CD23 on human B cells. It has recently been shown that IL-4 induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of a 170-kDa protein, a subs...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.17.7681
更新日期:1995-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::The assembly of the three neuronal soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) proteins synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin-1A, and SNAP-25 is the key step that leads to exocytotic fusion of synaptic vesicles. In the fully assembled SNARE complex, these three proteins form a coiled-coil ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1314699110
更新日期:2013-11-26 00:00:00
abstract::The origin of the multicellular animals has been investigated by rate invariant analysis of 18S rRNA sequences. These analyses indicate that (i) the Metazoa is a monophyletic taxon; (ii) the Deuterostomia is a monophyletic taxon; (iii) the Annelida-Mollusca lineage is the sister group of an arthropod subgroup; and (iv...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.2.763
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mice lacking the beta1-subunit (gene, Kcnmb1; protein, BK-beta1) of the large Ca-activated K channel (BK) are hypertensive. This phenotype is thought to result from diminished BK currents in vascular smooth muscle where BK-beta1 is an ancillary subunit. However, the beta1-subunit is also expressed in the renal connect...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0904635106
更新日期:2009-07-14 00:00:00
abstract::Mutations in the human DYNC1H1 gene are associated with neurological diseases. DYNC1H1 encodes the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein-1, a 1.4-MDa motor complex that traffics organelles, vesicles, and macromolecules toward microtubule minus ends. The effects of the DYNC1H1 mutations on dynein motility, and consequently...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1620141114
更新日期:2017-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::In mammals and insects, pheromones strongly influence social behaviors such as aggression and mate recognition. In Drosophila melanogaster, pheromones in the form of cuticular hydrocarbons play prominent roles in courtship. GC/MS is the primary analytical tool currently used to study Drosophila cuticular hydrocarbons....
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0802692105
更新日期:2008-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::Massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) generates millions of short sequence tags corresponding to transcripts from a single RNA preparation. Most MPSS tags can be unambiguously assigned to genes, thereby generating a comprehensive expression profile of the tissue of origin. From the comparison of MPSS data fro...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0502583102
更新日期:2005-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::To help reach the target of tuberculosis (TB) disease elimination by 2050, vaccine development needs to occur now. We estimated the impact and cost-effectiveness of potential TB vaccines in low- and middle-income countries using an age-structured transmission model. New vaccines were assumed to be available in 2024, t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1404386111
更新日期:2014-10-28 00:00:00
abstract::Although peroxynitrite is harmful to the host, the beneficial effects of peroxynitrite are less well understood. We explored the role of peroxynitrite in the host immune response to Coxsackievirus infection. Peroxynitrite inhibits viral replication in vitro, in part by inhibiting viral RNA entry into the host cell. Ni...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0400518101
更新日期:2004-08-10 00:00:00
abstract::The human rhodopsin gene is the locus for numerous alleles linked to the neurodegenerative disease retinitis pigmentosa. To facilitate the study of retinal degeneration and to test reagents designed to alter the structure and function of this gene, we have developed strains of mice whose native rhodopsin gene has been...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0403149101
更新日期:2004-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The interactions between products of the 15-lipoxygenase cascade and human natural killer (NK) cell activity have been studied. Addition of human leukocyte-derived (14R,15S)-14,15-dihydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,12E-ic osatetraenoic acid (14,15-DiHETE) to the NK cytotoxicity assay against K562 target cells resulted in inhibition ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.22.6914
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The configuration of the heme-carbonyl group upon binding of carbon monoxide to sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) in crystals is evaluated on the basis of infrared spectroscopic methods. Multiplets of the totally symmetric C-O stretching mode are observed for the heme-bound ligand near 1933, 1944, and 1967 cm-1, correspondin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.12.6042
更新日期:1979-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to study the mutagenic effects of site-specific, covalent modifications of biologically active DNA, we need host cells that are permissive for any type of mutation that might be produced in vivo from the modified DNA. Specifically, we require a general, in vivo complementation system for the bacteriophage phi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.2.774
更新日期:1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phylogenies describe the origins and history of species. However, they can also help to predict species' fates and so can be useful tools for managing the future of biodiversity. This article starts by sketching how phylogenetic, geographic, and trait information can be combined to elucidate present mammalian diversit...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0801917105
更新日期:2008-08-12 00:00:00
abstract::TGF-beta-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), also known as MAPKK kinase-7 (MAP3K7), is a candidate effector of multiple circuits in cardiac biology and disease. Here, we show that inhibition of TAK1 in mice by a cardiac-specific dominant-negative mutation evokes electrophysiological and biochemical properties reminiscent of hu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0604708103
更新日期:2006-11-14 00:00:00
abstract::Metallic nanoscale structures are capable of supporting surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), propagating collective electron oscillations with tight spatial confinement at the metal surface. SPPs represent one of the most promising structures to beat the diffraction limit imposed by conventional dielectric optics. Ag na...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0902064106
更新日期:2009-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of pressure up to 175 kilobars on the electronic structure of three ferric hydroxamates and on ferrichrome A has been studied by optical absorption and Mössbauer resonance. The ferric ion was reduced to ferrous ion with pressure, as has been previously observed for various compounds. For the hydroxamates, t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.68.3.549
更新日期:1971-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Novel organismal structures in metazoans are often undergirded by complex gene regulatory networks; as such, understanding the emergence of new structures through evolution requires reconstructing the series of evolutionary steps leading to these underlying networks. Here, we reconstruct the step-by-step assembly of t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1012333108
更新日期:2011-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae initiates polarized growth or budding once per cell cycle at a specific time of the cell cycle and at a specific location on the cell surface. Little is known about the molecular nature of the temporal and spatial regulatory mechanisms. It is also unclear what factors, if any...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.182370299
更新日期:2002-09-17 00:00:00
abstract::Vertebrate primary cilium is a Hedgehog signaling center but the extent of its involvement in other signaling systems is less well understood. This report delineates a mechanism by which fibroblast growth factor (FGF) controls primary cilia. Employing proteomic approaches to characterize proteins associated with the F...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1800338116
更新日期:2019-03-05 00:00:00
abstract::Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent synchronizations of neuronal activity, which are both a cardinal clinical symptom and a debilitating phenomenon. Although the temporal dynamics of epileptiform synchronizations are well described at the macroscopic level using electrophysiological approaches, less is known about ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1216958110
更新日期:2013-02-26 00:00:00
abstract::Homeostasis is indispensable to counteract the destabilizing effects of Hebbian plasticity. Although it is commonly assumed that homeostasis modulates synaptic strength, membrane excitability, and firing rates, its role at the neural circuit and network level is unknown. Here, we identify changes in higher-order netwo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1918368117
更新日期:2020-09-29 00:00:00
abstract::Mutations in WNK1 and WNK4 lead to familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt). Because FHHt associates net positive Na(+) balance together with K(+) and H(+) renal retention, the identification of WNK1 and WNK4 led to a new paradigm to explain how aldosterone can promote either Na(+) reabsorption or K(+) secretion in a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1006128107
更新日期:2010-10-19 00:00:00
abstract::Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons respond to sensory stimuli associated with future rewards. When reward is delivered probabilistically, DA neurons reflect this uncertainty by increasing their firing rates in a period between the sensory cue and reward delivery time. Probability of reward, however, has been externally co...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1117636108
更新日期:2011-12-06 00:00:00
abstract::We develop a theoretical description of sperm chemotaxis. Sperm cells of many species are guided to the egg by chemoattractants, a process called chemotaxis. Motor proteins in the flagellum of the sperm generate a regular beat of the flagellum, which propels the sperm in a fluid. In the absence of a chemoattractant, s...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0703530104
更新日期:2007-08-14 00:00:00
abstract::Circadian timekeeping by intracellular molecular clocks is evident widely in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The clockworks are driven by autoregulatory feedback loops that lead to oscillating levels of components whose maxima are in fixed phase relationships with one another. These phase relationships are the key metric ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0904837106
更新日期:2009-07-07 00:00:00
abstract::Conventional asymmetric PCR is inefficient and difficult to optimize because limiting the concentration of one primer lowers its melting temperature below the reaction annealing temperature. Linear-After-The-Exponential (LATE)-PCR describes a new paradigm for primer design that renders assays as efficient as symmetric...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0305476101
更新日期:2004-02-17 00:00:00
abstract::A highly effective vaccine would be a valuable weapon in the drive toward malaria elimination. No such vaccine currently exists, and only a handful of the hundreds of potential candidates in the parasite genome have been evaluated. In this study, we systematically evaluated 29 antigens likely to be involved in erythro...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1702944114
更新日期:2017-11-07 00:00:00
abstract::Accumulative aggregation of mutant Huntingtin (Htt) is a primary neuropathological hallmark of Huntington's disease (HD). Currently, mechanistic understanding of the cytotoxicity of mutant Htt aggregates remains limited, and neuroprotective strategies combating mutant Htt-induced neurodegeneration are lacking. Here, w...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1904563116
更新日期:2019-09-17 00:00:00
abstract::Dimeric myosins V and VI travel long distances in opposite directions along actin filaments in cells, taking multiple steps in a "hand-over-hand" fashion. The catalytic cycles of both myosins are limited by ADP dissociation, which is considered a key step in the walking mechanism of these motors. Here, we demonstrate ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0800564105
更新日期:2008-06-03 00:00:00