Abstract：
OBJECTIVE:The pharmacokinetics of norelgestromin, the primary active metabolite of norgestimate, plus ethinyl estradiol (EE), delivered by the once-weekly contraceptive patch (Ortho Evra/Evra), have been studied in eight trials. This overview summarizes the relevant pharmacokinetic data for the contraceptive patch. DESIGN:Review article. RESULT(S):The amount of norelgestromin and EE absorbed from the patch is proportional to patch size: the 20-cm(2) patch (Ortho Evra) delivers norelgestromin, 150 microg/d, and EE, 20 microg/d, to the systemic circulation. After single and multiple applications of the contraceptive patch, daily serum concentrations (area under the serum concentration-versus-time curve) of norelgestromin and EE were within the ranges generally seen with oral norgestimate, 250 microg/EE 35 microg (Ortho-Cyclen/Cilest), but without the peaks and troughs characteristic of oral dosing. Moreover, the contraceptive patch maintains serum concentrations of norelgestromin and EE within these ranges for up to 10 days, suggesting that clinical efficacy would be maintained even if a scheduled change is missed for as long as two full days. Regardless of the location of patch application (abdomen, buttock, upper outer arm, or torso [excluding breasts]) and even under conditions of heat, humidity, exercise, and cool-water immersion, efficacious concentrations of norelgestromin and EE are achieved. Coadministration of the patch with tetracycline did not affect the pharmacokinetics of norelgestromin and EE. CONCLUSION(S):The contraceptive patch exhibits an excellent pharmacokinetic profile, maintaining efficacious serum hormone concentrations under varying conditions.
journal_name
Fertil Steriljournal_title
Fertility and sterilityauthors
Abrams LS,Skee D,Natarajan J,Wong FAdoi
10.1016/s0015-0282(01)03261-7keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-02-01 00:00:00pages
S3-12issue
2 Suppl 2eissn
0015-0282issn
1556-5653pii
S0015028201032617journal_volume
77pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening before diagnostic hysteroscopy in premenopausal women. DESIGN:Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. SETTING:University hospital. PATIENT(S):Fifty-two women with an indication for diagnostic hysteroscopy. INTERVENTI...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.073
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the present study was to compare the levels of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in the tubal ampullary region in normal and ectopic pregnancies and assess possible causative role of LIF in ectopic pregnancy. Although there was a tendency of increase in LIF concentrations in the ectopic pregnancy group, we w...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.09.014
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To measure the level of distress and its relationship with other psychologic factors in women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) who participated in a fragile X genetics study. DESIGN:Longitudinal data analyzed with structural equation modeling. SETTING:Four U.S. private and academic fertility centers. ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.02.033
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To study the use of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole for treatment of ectopic pregnancy compared with methotrexate. DESIGN:Nonrandomized prospective cohort study. SETTING:University hospital. PATIENT(S):A series of 42 consecutive patients with undisturbed ectopic pregnancy. INTERVENTION(S):Counseling on ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.001
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To describe the obstetric performance of a selected population of twin pregnancies, comparing reduced vs. nonreduced twin pregnancies after the successful completion of the 12th week. DESIGN:Prospective cohort study. SETTING:Outpatient fertility center. PATIENT(S):A cohort of 464 twin pregnancies including...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.09.005
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To estimate the association between prenatal exposure to maternal stress and reproductive disorders in Danish men, where prenatal stress exposure was defined as the mother's loss of a close relative during pregnancy or in the 12 months before conception. DESIGN:Population-based cohort study. SETTING:Not app...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.016
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop the Cognitive Appraisal Scale for Infertility (CASI) and assess it for reliability and validity. DESIGN:Cross-sectional and longitudinal study. SETTING:A private fertility institute in Japan. PATIENT(S):223 infertile women being treated at the institute. INTERVENTION(S):Administration of questi...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.052
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Changes in the composition of media used for human in vitro fertilization and embryo culture are reviewed, and their impact on improved pregnancy rates is discussed. It is concluded that changes to the formulation of culture media for assisted reproductive technologies over the past decade have played a significant ro...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.003
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P) are different in the peri-implantation phase of fresh versus frozen embryos. DESIGN:Hormonal secretions were measured on days 9 and 11 after implantation and at 4, 5, and 6 weeks gestation. PATIEN...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54792-x
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although previous large series have reported that from 0.3% to 1.3% of patients undergoing hysterosalpingography (HSG) develop infectious morbidity, our impression was that the incidence was higher among our patients. Therefore the records of 448 consecutive healthy women who underwent HSG were examined. Within 24 hou...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44712-6
更新日期：1980-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Varicocelectomy has been found to improve the spermogram in many subfertile men. However, there still remains a sizable group of subfertile men whose counts fail to improve sufficiently following surgery. Clomiphene citrate, which has been shown to improve fertility in idiopathic oligospermia, was similarly tried in m...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44661-3
更新日期：1980-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To measure free T, free E2, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in oligozoospermic men with varicoceles. DESIGN:Retrospective study. PATIENTS:Sixty-four infertile patients with varicoceles. SETTING:A university-based tertiary care referral center. INTERVENTIONS:Assessment of seminal cellular ch...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Comparative studies have been carried out on the behavior of human and bovine spermatozoa toward homologous cervical mucus in vitro. In both cases the degree of sperm penetration and the pattern of sperm motility were influenced in a characteristic fashion by prior manipulation of the mucus: the most rapid and extensi...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the prevalence of infectious complications and the protective effect of prophylactic antibiotic treatment after diagnostic office hysteroscopy in asymptomatic, infertile patients with normal results from transvaginal sonography. DESIGN:Recording of infectious complications after routine hysteroscop...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.08.031
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the efficiency of oocyte retrieval (OR) timing based on the occurrence of spontaneous LH surge during natural cycle IVF (ncIVF) treatment. DESIGN:Retrospective cohort study. The cohort was divided into five subgroups according to the presumed stage of spontaneous LH surge on scheduling day (1A: ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.01.016
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Alterations in adrenocortical biosynthesis, as measured by the steroid response to acute adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation, have frequently been reported in female hyperandrogenism. These patients are also commonly obese, which may account for some of these abnormalities. The object of this study...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the impact of a cryopreservation program on pregnancy rates and multiple-pregnancy rates in ART cycles. DESIGN:Retrospective study. SETTING:University teaching hospital. PATIENT(S):Women who underwent stimulation for in vitro fertilization at the Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine betwe...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01661-7
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evidence implicates the ovarian nerves in the regulation of hormonal and ovulatory functions. A technique for selectively denervating the in situ rabbit ovary is therefore of considerable investigative value. The ovarian artery was stripped of its adventitia and nerve bundles. Three weeks later, fluorescent histochemi...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether the stripping technique by laparoscopy is a tissue-sparing procedure. DESIGN:Prospective study. SETTING:University hospital. PATIENT(S):Forty-two women, 21 to 35 years of age, who had a unilateral ovarian cyst (26 endometriomas, 7 serous, 6 dermoid, and 3 mucinous cysts). INTERVENTION...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(01)03203-4
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fifteen subfertile males with absent or atrophic right testes underwent ligation of left varicoceles. Sperm concentration rose significantly with correction of scrotal thermographic abnormality and nine wives (60%) became pregnant. ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55098-5
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the impact of chronic GnRH antagonist therapy on the extent of GnRH agonist-induced gonadotrope desensitization. DESIGN:Prospective and controlled. SETTING:Primate Research Center. PARTICIPANTS:Six reproductive age cycling female baboons (Papio cyanocephalus anubis). INTERVENTIONS:The animals ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57864-9
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare the laparoscopic excision of primary versus recurrent ovarian endometriomas. DESIGN:Descriptive study. SETTING:Tertiary referral center for the treatment of endometriosis. PATIENT(S):Between 1993 and 2002, 359 consecutive patients: 305 primary surgeries (group A) and 54 reoperations for a recurr...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.028
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To review osteoporosis, a disease characterized by low bone mass, microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to increased bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. The disorder has become a major health problem in the West, where increased life expectancy has placed new emphasis ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate a new technique designed to improve access to the endometrial cavity through tortuous and/or stenotic endocervical canals in women with histories of difficult IUIs, ETs, or endometrial biopsies. DESIGN:Prospective case series. SETTING:Tertiary care center. PATIENT(S):Women with histories of dif...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00492-6
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The aim of the International Endogene Study is to discover genes that influence susceptibility to endometriosis. DESIGN:The study brings together two research groups based in Australia and the United Kingdom that independently have been collecting families for linkage analysis and candidate gene studies. Bot...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03341-1
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of varicocele on testicular function in adolescents. DESIGN:A prospective controlled study in 88 randomly selected adolescents. SETTING:All participants were referred to the fertility outpatient clinic of our University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS:All participants with a grade II varicocele...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54607-x
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate human sperm acrosomal status, zona pellucida (ZP)-binding capacity, and sperm motion characteristics after treatment with pertussis toxin followed by exposure to increasing concentrations of solubilized human ZP. DESIGN:Prospective analytical study. SETTING:Normal human sperm donors in an academ...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The negative correlation between the thickness of the lamina propria and Johnsen's score count in individual seminiferous tubules was observed and the tubules with thin lamina propria indicated almost complete spermatogenesis. It is suggested that the thin lamina propria may be one of the good indicators of complete s...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.019
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To measure in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes following 24-chromosome single‒nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP)-based preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) and euploid embryo transfer. DESIGN:Retrospective. SETTING:Fertility clinics and laboratory. PATIENT(S):Women 20-46 years of age undergo...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.03.026
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the independent effects of the degree of blastocoele expansion and re-expansion and the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) grades on predicting live birth after fresh and vitrified/warmed single blastocyst transfer. DESIGN:Retrospective study. SETTING:Reproductive medical center. PATI...
journal_title：Fertility and sterility
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.12.014
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
