Abstract:
:Vaccines rarely provide full protection from disease. Nevertheless, partially effective (imperfect) vaccines may be used to protect both individuals and whole populations. We studied the potential impact of different types of imperfect vaccines on the evolution of pathogen virulence (induced host mortality) and the consequences for public health. Here we show that vaccines designed to reduce pathogen growth rate and/or toxicity diminish selection against virulent pathogens. The subsequent evolution leads to higher levels of intrinsic virulence and hence to more severe disease in unvaccinated individuals. This evolution can erode any population-wide benefits such that overall mortality rates are unaffected, or even increase, with the level of vaccination coverage. In contrast, infection-blocking vaccines induce no such effects, and can even select for lower virulence. These findings have policy implications for the development and use of vaccines that are not expected to provide full immunity, such as candidate vaccines for malaria.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Gandon S,Mackinnon MJ,Nee S,Read AFdoi
10.1038/414751akeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-12-13 00:00:00pages
751-6issue
6865eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
414751ajournal_volume
414pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::It has been known for some 50 years that birds use photoreceptors in or near the hypothalamus to mediate the photoperiodic responses that control seasonal breeding. So far, however, attempts to identify the photopigment by determining an action spectrum have failed. The problems stem from the selective filtering of li...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/313050a0
更新日期:1985-01-03 00:00:00
abstract::Contamination of ground waters with water-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons, common components of petroleum pollution, often produces anoxic conditions under which microbial degradation of the aromatics is slow. Oxygen is often added to contaminated ground water to stimulate biodegradation, but this can be technically dif...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/370128a0
更新日期:1994-07-14 00:00:00
abstract::Type Ia supernovae are thought to result from thermonuclear explosions of carbon-oxygen white dwarf stars. Existing models generally explain the observed properties, with the exception of the sub-luminous 1991bg-like supernovae. It has long been suspected that the merger of two white dwarfs could give rise to a type I...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08642
更新日期:2010-01-07 00:00:00
abstract::The tropical forests of Borneo and Amazonia may each contain more tree species diversity in half a square kilometre than do all the temperate forests of Europe, North America, and Asia combined. Biologists have long been fascinated by this disparity, using it to investigate potential drivers of biodiversity. Latitudin...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature24038
更新日期:2017-10-05 00:00:00
abstract::Since 1814, when rubella was first described, the origins of the disease and its causative agent, rubella virus (Matonaviridae: Rubivirus), have remained unclear1. Here we describe ruhugu virus and rustrela virus in Africa and Europe, respectively, which are, to our knowledge, the first known relatives of rubella viru...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2812-9
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many receptors for neuropeptides and hormones are coupled with the heterotrimeric G(i) protein, which activates the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade through both the alpha- and betagamma-subunits of G(i). The betagamma-subunit activates the ERK/MAPK cascade through tyrosine kinase. Constituti...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/23738
更新日期:1999-08-26 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 评论,社论
doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00483-5
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::As oligodendrocytes wrap axons of the central nervous system (CNS) with insulating myelin sheaths, sodium channels that are initially continuously distributed along axons become segregated into regularly spaced gaps in the myelin called nodes of Ranvier. It is not known whether the regular spacing of nodes results fro...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/386724a0
更新日期:1997-04-17 00:00:00
abstract::Mammalian telomeres repress DNA-damage activation at natural chromosome ends by recruiting specific inhibitors of the DNA-damage machinery that form a protective complex termed shelterin. Within this complex, TRF2 (also known as TERF2) has a crucial role in end protection through the suppression of ATM activation and ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature11873
更新日期:2013-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have suggested a critical role of specific gene loss in several embryonic tumours and certain adult cancers. In retinoblastoma, hemizygosity or homozygosity of a recessive mutant allele results in the loss of normal gene product, and this seems to cause the manifestation of the disorder. Familial polypo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/331273a0
更新日期:1988-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::Galactose oxidase is an extracellular enzyme secreted by the fungus Dactylium dendroides. It is monomeric, with a relative molecular mass of 68,000, catalyses the stereospecific oxidation of a broad range of primary alcohol substrates and possesses a unique mononuclear copper site essential for catalysing a two-electr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/350087a0
更新日期:1991-03-07 00:00:00
abstract::Since the discovery of insulin nearly 70 years ago, there has been no problem more fundamental to diabetes research than understanding how insulin works at the cellular level. Insulin binds to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor which activates the tyrosine kinase in the beta subunit, but the molecular events li...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/352073a0
更新日期:1991-07-04 00:00:00
abstract::Defects in insulin signalling are among the most common and earliest defects that predispose an individual to the development of type 2 diabetes. MicroRNAs have been identified as a new class of regulatory molecules that influence many biological functions, including metabolism. However, the direct regulation of insul...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10112
更新日期:2011-06-08 00:00:00
abstract::A fundamental tenet of cerebellar learning theories asserts that climbing fibre afferents from the inferior olive provide a teaching signal that promotes the gradual adaptation of movements. Data from several forms of motor learning provide support for this tenet. In pavlovian eyelid conditioning, for example, where a...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/416330a
更新日期:2002-03-21 00:00:00
abstract::The upper temperature at which a living system can exist is limited by the hydrolytic breakdown rate of its chemical constituents. The peptide bonds of proteins, the phosphodiester and N-glycosyl bonds in RNA and DNA, and the pyrophosphate and N-glycosyl bonds in nucleotides such as ATP and NAD are among the more impo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/310430a0
更新日期:1984-08-02 00:00:00
abstract::Ia antigens are membrane-bound glycoproteins that play a part in antigen recognition and subsequent cell-cell interactions in the immune response. In the mouse they are coded for by the I region of the major histocompatibility complex H-2 and have been demonstrated on B lymphocytes, monocytes, activated T cells, macro...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/303426a0
更新日期:1983-06-02 00:00:00
abstract::Pairwise recognition of splice sites as a result of a scanning mechanism is an attractive model to explain the coordination of vertebrate splicing. Such a mechanism would predict a polarity-of-site recognition in the scanned unit, but no evidence for a polarity gradient across introns has been found. We have suggested...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/360277a0
更新日期:1992-11-19 00:00:00
abstract::A re-analysis of published data on mouse mutation rates induced by X and gamma rays suggests that the kinetics of induction can be analysed by fitting the data to a parabolic curve. We interpret this to mean that a substantial proportion of the induced mutations results from gross chromosomal changes such as deletions...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/264715a0
更新日期:1976-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::Muscarinic receptors of cardiac pacemaker and atrial cells are linked to a potassium channel (IK.ACh) by a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein. The dissociation of G-proteins leads to the generation of two potential transducing elements, alpha-GTP and beta gamma. IK.ACh is activated by G-protein alpha- and b...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/337557a0
更新日期:1989-02-09 00:00:00
abstract::Since the early 1980s, most electronics have relied on the use of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors. However, the principles of CMOS operation, involving a switchable semiconductor conductance controlled by an insulating gate, have remained largely unchanged, even as transistors are miniaturiz...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0770-2
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Behavioural studies and field observations demonstrate that echolocating bats simultaneously perceive range, direction and shape of multiple objects in the environment as acoustic images derived from echoes. Cortical echo delay-tuned neurons contribute to the perception of object range, because focal inactivation of t...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/364620a0
更新日期:1993-08-12 00:00:00
abstract::Quantum degenerate Fermi gases provide a remarkable opportunity to study strongly interacting fermions. In contrast to other Fermi systems, such as superconductors, neutron stars or the quark-gluon plasma of the early Universe, these gases have low densities and their interactions can be precisely controlled over an e...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature03858
更新日期:2005-06-23 00:00:00
abstract::The planet in the system HD209458 is the first one for which repeated transits across the stellar disk have been observed. Together with radial velocity measurements, this has led to a determination of the planet's radius and mass, confirming it to be a gas giant. But despite numerous searches for an atmospheric signa...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature01448
更新日期:2003-03-13 00:00:00
abstract::The Gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus has a complex life cycle during which large amounts of a protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 19,000, known as protein S, are assembled into a spore surface coat by a process that specifically requires calcium ions. The gene for protein S has been cloned and the DNA se...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/315771a0
更新日期:1985-06-27 00:00:00
abstract::More than 30 years ago, human beings looked back from the Moon to see the magnificent spectacle of Earth-rise. The technology that put us into space has since been used to assess the damage we are doing to our natural environment and is now being harnessed to monitor and predict diseases through space and time. Satell...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/415710a
更新日期:2002-02-07 00:00:00
abstract::Hypermethylation is associated with the silencing of tumour susceptibility genes in several forms of cancer; however, the mechanisms responsible for this aberrant methylation are poorly understood. The prototypic DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1, has been widely assumed to be responsible for most of the methylation of the...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35010000
更新日期:2000-04-27 00:00:00
abstract::Epithelial organs undergo steady-state turnover throughout adult life, with old cells being continually replaced by the progeny of stem cell divisions. To avoid hyperplasia or atrophy, organ turnover demands strict equilibration of cell production and loss. However, the mechanistic basis of this equilibrium is unknown...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature23678
更新日期:2017-08-31 00:00:00
abstract::The first open meeting to discuss the growing issue of commercialism in academic research was convened by the New York Bar Association's patent committee. Participants included Steven Muller, president of Johns Hopkins University, Joshua Lederberg, president of Rockefeller University, and A. Thomas Bartlett, presiden...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/296792a0
更新日期:1982-04-29 00:00:00
abstract::During the subduction of oceanic lithosphere, water is liberated from minerals by progressive dehydration reactions and is thought to be critical to several geologically important processes such as island-arc volcanism, intermediate-depth seismicity and chemical exchange between the subducting lithosphere and mantle. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35048555
更新日期:2000-12-14 00:00:00
abstract::The current picture of galaxy evolution advocates co-evolution of galaxies and their nuclear massive black holes, through accretion and galactic merging. Pairs of quasars, each with a massive black hole at the centre of its galaxy, have separations of 6,000 to 300,000 light years (refs 2 and 3; 1 parsec = 3.26 light y...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10364
更新日期:2011-08-31 00:00:00