Real-time spectroscopy of transition states in bacteriorhodopsin during retinal isomerization.

abstract：:The human B cell-specific alloantigen which is closely linked genetically to HLA contains two non-covalently associated, sialogycoprotein subunits of molecular weight (MW) 29,000 (p29), and 34,000 (p34). Although p29 and p34 have different amino-terminal sequences, their tyrosine peptide maps indicate considerable sim...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Springer TA,Kaufman JF,Terhorst C,Strominger JL

更新日期：1977-07-21 00:00:00

abstract：:During attempts to select nonsecretory variants from 0.467.3, and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human lymphoblastoid cell line that secretes small amounts of IgM lambda, we exposed the cells to UV light. Cells that survived the irradiation were subcultured and their supernatants were screened for immunoglobulin produ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rosén A,Klein G

更新日期：1983-11-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Fluorine is the thirteenth most abundant element in the earth's crust, but fluoride concentrations in surface water are low and fluorinated metabolites are extremely rare. The fluoride ion is a potent nucleophile in its desolvated state, but is tightly hydrated in water and effectively inert. Low availability and a la...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Dong C,Huang F,Deng H,Schaffrath C,Spencer JB,O'Hagan D,Naismith JH

更新日期：2004-02-05 00:00:00

abstract：:So far, two genes associated with familial melanoma have been identified, accounting for a minority of genetic risk in families. Mutations in CDKN2A account for approximately 40% of familial cases, and predisposing mutations in CDK4 have been reported in a very small number of melanoma kindreds. Here we report the who...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Yokoyama S,Woods SL,Boyle GM,Aoude LG,MacGregor S,Zismann V,Gartside M,Cust AE,Haq R,Harland M,Taylor JC,Duffy DL,Holohan K,Dutton-Regester K,Palmer JM,Bonazzi V,Stark MS,Symmons J,Law MH,Schmidt C,Lanagan C,O'C

更新日期：2011-11-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The delivery of therapeutic drugs to solid tumours may be impaired by structural and functional abnormalities in blood and lymphatic vessels. Here we provide evidence that proliferating cancer cells cause intratumour vessels to compress and collapse. By reducing this compressive mechanical force and opening vessels, c...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Padera TP,Stoll BR,Tooredman JB,Capen D,di Tomaso E,Jain RK

更新日期：2004-02-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The Hubbard model, formulated by physicist John Hubbard in the 1960s1, is a simple theoretical model of interacting quantum particles in a lattice. The model is thought to capture the essential physics of high-temperature superconductors, magnetic insulators and other complex quantum many-body ground states2,3. Althou...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Tang Y,Li L,Li T,Xu Y,Liu S,Barmak K,Watanabe K,Taniguchi T,MacDonald AH,Shan J,Mak KF

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Because it is so tall, the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis, provides an important animal model for investigating adaptive mechanisms to orthostatic (gravitational) pressure changes. Previous physiological studies of the giraffe have concentrated on arterial blood pressures in the heart and neck. Briefly, these investi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hargens AR,Millard RW,Pettersson K,Johansen K

更新日期：1987-09-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The variable regions of mouse kappa (kappa) chains are coded for by multiple variable (V) gene segments and multiple joining (J) gene segments. The V kappa gene segments code for residues 1 to 95; the J kappa gene segments code for residues 96 to 108 (refs 1-3). This gene organisation is similar to that encoding the V...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Weigert M,Perry R,Kelley D,Hunkapiller T,Schilling J,Hood L

更新日期：1980-01-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Spontaneous mutations are the source of genetic variation required for evolutionary change, and are therefore important for many aspects of evolutionary biology. For example, the divergence between taxa at neutrally evolving sites in the genome is proportional to the per nucleotide mutation rate, u (ref. 1), and this ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Haag-Liautard C,Dorris M,Maside X,Macaskill S,Halligan DL,Houle D,Charlesworth B,Keightley PD

更新日期：2007-01-04 00:00:00

abstract：:The annotated genomes of organisms define a 'blueprint' of their possible gene products. Post-genome analyses attempt to confirm and modify the annotation and impose a sense of the spatial, temporal and developmental usage of genetic information by the organism. Here we describe a large-scale, high-accuracy (average d...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lasonder E,Ishihama Y,Andersen JS,Vermunt AM,Pain A,Sauerwein RW,Eling WM,Hall N,Waters AP,Stunnenberg HG,Mann M

更新日期：2002-10-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent studies have suggested a critical role of specific gene loss in several embryonic tumours and certain adult cancers. In retinoblastoma, hemizygosity or homozygosity of a recessive mutant allele results in the loss of normal gene product, and this seems to cause the manifestation of the disorder. Familial polypo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Okamoto M,Sasaki M,Sugio K,Sato C,Iwama T,Ikeuchi T,Tonomura A,Sasazuki T,Miyaki M

更新日期：1988-01-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Abscisic acid (ABA) is a vital phytohormone that regulates mainly stomatal aperture and seed development, but ABA receptors involved in these processes have yet to be determined. We previously identified from broad bean an ABA-binding protein (ABAR) potentially involved in stomatal signalling, the gene for which encod...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Shen YY,Wang XF,Wu FQ,Du SY,Cao Z,Shang Y,Wang XL,Peng CC,Yu XC,Zhu SY,Fan RC,Xu YH,Zhang DP

更新日期：2006-10-19 00:00:00

abstract：:An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gundem G,Van Loo P,Kremeyer B,Alexandrov LB,Tubio JMC,Papaemmanuil E,Brewer DS,Kallio HML,Hägnäs G,Annala M,Kivinummi K,Goody V,Latimer C,O'Meara S,Dawson KJ,Isaacs W,Emmert-Buck MR,Nykter M,Foster C,Kote-Jarai Z,

更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Modern chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) possess a highly conserved skeleton of eight shell plates (valves) surrounded by spicules or scales, and fossil evidence suggests that the chiton skeleton has changed little since the first appearance of the class in the Late Cambrian period (about 500 million years before pre...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Vendrasco MJ,Wood TE,Runnegar BN

更新日期：2004-05-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The structure of an N-terminal fragment of CD4 has been determined to 2.4 A resolution. It has two tightly abutting domains connected by a continuous beta strand. Both have the immunoglobulin fold, but domain 2 has a truncated beta barrel and a non-standard disulphide bond. The binding sites for monoclonal antibodies,...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wang JH,Yan YW,Garrett TP,Liu JH,Rodgers DW,Garlick RL,Tarr GE,Husain Y,Reinherz EL,Harrison SC

更新日期：1990-11-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Many collective human activities, including violence, have been shown to exhibit universal patterns. The size distributions of casualties both in whole wars from 1816 to 1980 and terrorist attacks have separately been shown to follow approximate power-law distributions. However, the possibility of universal patterns r...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Bohorquez JC,Gourley S,Dixon AR,Spagat M,Johnson NF

更新日期：2009-12-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Type III collagen is often found in the same tissues as type I collagen, yet the function and nature of the fibrils formed by the two collagens differ markedly. To understand the evolutionary history of the collagen gene family in more detail, we isolated the gene for type III collagen and compared its structure with ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Yamada Y,Liau G,Mudryj M,Obici S,de Crombrugghe B

更新日期：1984-07-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Fas is a type-I membrane protein that transduces an apoptotic signal. Binding of Fas ligand or agonistic anti-Fas antibody to Fas kills the cells by apoptosis. Studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have suggested that proteases such as interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) or the product of the C. elegan...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Enari M,Hug H,Nagata S

更新日期：1995-05-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent seismological discoveries have indicated that the Earth's core-mantle boundary is far more complex than a simple boundary between the molten outer core and the silicate mantle. Instead, its structural complexities probably rival those of the Earth's crust. Some regions of the lowermost mantle have been observed...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rost S,Garnero EJ,Williams Q,Manga M

更新日期：2005-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a major health problem, affecting 5% of the world population. Genetic factors are important in NIDDM, but the mechanisms leading to glucose intolerance are unknown. Genetic linkage has been investigated in multigeneration families to localize, and ultimately identify,...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Froguel P,Vaxillaire M,Sun F,Velho G,Zouali H,Butel MO,Lesage S,Vionnet N,Clément K,Fougerousse F

更新日期：1992-03-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop that provides a sustainable source of protein and oil worldwide. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a microscopic roundworm that feeds on the roots of soybean and is a major constraint to soybean production. This nematode causes more than US$1 ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Liu S,Kandoth PK,Warren SD,Yeckel G,Heinz R,Alden J,Yang C,Jamai A,El-Mellouki T,Juvale PS,Hill J,Baum TJ,Cianzio S,Whitham SA,Korkin D,Mitchum MG,Meksem K

更新日期：2012-12-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Statistical evidence of reduced coronary heart disease in areas of high wine consumption has led to the widespread belief that wine affords a protective effect. Although moderate drinking of any alcohol helps to reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease, there is no clear evidence that red wine confers an additio...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Corder R,Douthwaite JA,Lees DM,Khan NQ,Viseu Dos Santos AC,Wood EG,Carrier MJ

更新日期：2001-12-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The U6 small nuclear (sn)RNA gene (SNR6) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is transcribed by RNA polymerase III in vivo. This gene is unusual in having a TATA box at position -30, and an essential B-block element located downstream of the T-rich termination signal. The B block is one of the two intragenic promot...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Burnol AF,Margottin F,Huet J,Almouzni G,Prioleau MN,Méchali M,Sentenac A

更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Graphene, or single-layered graphite, with its high crystallinity and interesting semimetal electronic properties, has emerged as an exciting two-dimensional material showing great promise for the fabrication of nanoscale devices. Thin, elongated strips of graphene that possess straight edges, termed graphene ribbons,...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kosynkin DV,Higginbotham AL,Sinitskii A,Lomeda JR,Dimiev A,Price BK,Tour JM

更新日期：2009-04-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Graphene oxide membranes-partially oxidized, stacked sheets of graphene-can provide ultrathin, high-flux and energy-efficient membranes for precise ionic and molecular sieving in aqueous solution. These materials have shown potential in a variety of applications, including water desalination and purification, gas and ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chen L,Shi G,Shen J,Peng B,Zhang B,Wang Y,Bian F,Wang J,Li D,Qian Z,Xu G,Liu G,Zeng J,Zhang L,Yang Y,Zhou G,Wu M,Jin W,Li J,Fang H

更新日期：2017-10-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The evolutionary biologist "studies the steps by which the miraculous adaptations so characteristic of every aspect of the organic world have evolved". But the general nature of such adaptive steps is still unclear. Evolution is often thought to be random and dependent on unpredictable events. In this light, one might...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gerrish P

更新日期：2001-09-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Photoreceptor loss is the final common endpoint in most retinopathies that lead to irreversible blindness, and there are no effective treatments to restore vision1,2. Chemical reprogramming of fibroblasts offers an opportunity to reverse vision loss; however, the generation of sensory neuronal subtypes such as photore...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mahato B,Kaya KD,Fan Y,Sumien N,Shetty RA,Zhang W,Davis D,Mock T,Batabyal S,Ni A,Mohanty S,Han Z,Farjo R,Forster MJ,Swaroop A,Chavala SH

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T-lymphocyte co-recognition of antigen and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules (such as murine Ia molecules) is thought to be mediated by a single cell-surface receptor, although the molecular mechanism by which this occurs is controversial (reviewed in ref. 1). One possibility is that the antigen...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ashwell JD,Schwartz RH

更新日期：1986-03-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Alkaloids, secondary metabolites that contain basic nitrogen atoms, are some of the most well-known biologically active natural products in chemistry and medicine. Although efficient laboratory synthesis of alkaloids would enable the study and optimization of their biological properties, their preparation is often com...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Parr BT,Economou C,Herzon SB

更新日期：2015-09-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The Ran proteins constitute a distinct branch of the superfamily of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins which function as molecular switches cycling between GTP-bound 'on' and GDP-bound 'off' states. Ran is located predominantly in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is involved in the nuclear import of proteins as well ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Scheffzek K,Klebe C,Fritz-Wolf K,Kabsch W,Wittinghofer A

更新日期：1995-03-23 00:00:00