Abstract：
:Biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial activity--which has occurred in the majority of the Earth's oil reserves--is known to reduce greatly the quality of petroleum in reservoirs. For economically successful prospecting for oil, it is therefore important to understand the processes and conditions in geological formations that lead to oil biodegradation. Although recent studies speculate that bacterial activity can potentially occur up to temperatures as high as 150 degrees C (refs 3, 4), it is generally accepted that effective petroleum biodegradation over geological timescales generally occurs in reservoirs with temperatures below 80 degrees C (ref. 2). This appears, however, to be at odds with the observation that non-degraded oils can still be found in reservoirs below this temperature. Here we compile data regarding the extent of oil biodegradation in several oil reservoirs, and find that the extensive occurrence of non-biodegraded oil in shallow, cool basins is restricted to those that have been uplifted from deeper, hotter regions of the Earth. We suggest that these petroleum reservoirs were sterilized by heating to a temperature around 80-90 degrees C during deep burial, inactivating hydrocarbon-degrading organisms that occur in the deep biosphere. Even when such reservoirs are subsequently uplifted to much cooler regions and filled with oil, degradation does not occur, implying that the sterilized sediments are not recolonized by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Wilhelms A,Larter SR,Head I,Farrimond P,di-Primio R,Zwach Cdoi
10.1038/35082535keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-06-28 00:00:00pages
1034-7issue
6841eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
35082535journal_volume
411pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:The Earth has distinctive convective behaviour, described by the plate tectonics model, in which lateral motion of the oceanic lithosphere of basaltic crust and peridotitic uppermost mantle is decoupled from the underlying mechanically weaker upper mantle (asthenosphere). The reason for differentiation at the lithosph...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09369
更新日期：2010-09-23 00:00:00
abstract：:If not properly processed and repaired, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can give rise to deleterious chromosome rearrangements, which could ultimately lead to the tumour phenotype. DSB ends are resected in a 5' to 3' fashion in cells, to yield single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) for the recruitment of factors critical for DNA...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09318
更新日期：2010-09-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Nine neurodegenerative diseases are caused by expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in different proteins, such as huntingtin in Huntington's disease and ataxin 3 in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3). Age at onset of disease decreases with increasing polyglutamine length in these proteins and the normal length also...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature22078
更新日期：2017-05-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Slower recovery from perturbations near a tipping point and its indirect signatures in fluctuation patterns have been suggested to foreshadow catastrophes in a wide variety of systems. Recent studies of populations in the field and in the laboratory have used time-series data to confirm some of the theoretically predi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12071
更新日期：2013-04-18 00:00:00
abstract：:The widespread reorganization of cellular architecture in mitosis is achieved through extensive protein phosphorylation, driven by the coordinated activation of a mitotic kinase network and repression of counteracting phosphatases. Phosphatase activity must subsequently be restored to promote mitotic exit. Although Cd...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature14019
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Quantum simulation--the use of one quantum system to simulate a less controllable one--may provide an understanding of the many quantum systems which cannot be modelled using classical computers. Considerable progress in control and manipulation has been achieved for various quantum systems, but one of the remaining c...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13565
更新日期：2014-08-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Large-conductance Ca(2+)-gated K(+) (BK) channels are essential for many biological processes such as smooth muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. This group of channels can be activated synergistically by both voltage and intracellular Ca(2+), with the large carboxy-terminal intracellular portion being res...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09252
更新日期：2010-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:It has long been thought that mature oligodendrocytes in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) are post-mitotic and are unable to proliferate in response to injury. The implications of this have been profound, because it has been suggested that this failure of oligodendrocytes to undergo mitosis is perhaps ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/308274a0
更新日期：1984-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Homogeneous nucleation and subsequent cluster growth leads to the formation of new aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The nucleation of sulfuric acid and organic vapours is thought to be responsible for the formation of new particles over continents, whereas iodine oxide vapours have been implicated in particle form...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature19314
更新日期：2016-09-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Inhibition of the TOR signalling pathway by genetic or pharmacological intervention extends lifespan in invertebrates, including yeast, nematodes and fruitflies; however, whether inhibition of mTOR signalling can extend lifespan in a mammalian species was unknown. Here we report that rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mTO...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08221
更新日期：2009-07-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Zygotic genome activation in metazoans typically occurs several hours to a day after fertilization, and thus maternal RNAs and proteins drive early animal embryo development. In plants, despite several molecular studies of post-fertilization transcriptional activation, the timing of zygotic genome activation remains a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13620
更新日期：2014-10-30 00:00:00
abstract：:c-Abl, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is activated by agents that damage DNA. This activation results in either arrest of the cell cycle in phase G1 or apoptotic cell death, both of which are dependent on the kinase activity of c-Abl. p73, a member of the p53 family of tumour-suppressor proteins, can also induce apop...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/21697
更新日期：1999-06-24 00:00:00
abstract：:In addition to coordinating immune and inflammatory responses, NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors control cell survival. Normally, NF-kappaB dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm by binding to inhibitory IkappaB proteins, and can be activated rapidly by signals that induce the sequential phosphorylation and proteol...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35104560
更新日期：2001-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The src gene product, p60src, of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase which is associated with the plasma membrane of infected cells. Myristic acid is bound in an amide linkage to glycine 2 of p60src. Of the N-terminal 30 kilodaltons of p60src, only amino acids 1-14 are required for myristyla...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/314374a0
更新日期：1985-03-28 00:00:00
abstract：:The structure of the operator-binding domain of the lambda repressor has been determined at 3.2 A resolution. This domain contains an extended N-terminal arm and five alpha-helices. Model-building studies of the repressor-operator complex suggest that alpha-helices, especially the N-terminal parts of these helices, ma...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/298443a0
更新日期：1982-07-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The T-cell specific, rearranging gamma-chain genes bear striking resemblance to T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes, but the role of gamma remains unknown. A central problem is to understand the conditions under which gamma RNA is expressed in cells. The transcription of gamma is abundant in T cells of fetal thym...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/323635a0
更新日期：1986-10-16 00:00:00
abstract：:A conserved heterotrimeric membrane protein complex, the Sec61 or SecY complex, forms a protein-conducting channel, allowing polypeptides to be transferred across or integrated into membranes. We report the crystal structure of the complex from Methanococcus jannaschii at a resolution of 3.2 A. The structure suggests ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02218
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Large low-velocity seismic anomalies have been detected in the Earth's lower mantle beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean that are not easily explained by temperature variations alone. The African anomaly has been interpreted to be a northwest-southeast-trending structure with a sharp-edged linear, ridge-like morpholog...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature04066
更新日期：2005-10-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Measurement of the free calcium concentration within a photo-receptor outer segment has been considered an important aim since the proposal by Hagins and Yoshikami that the primary event in phototransduction is a release of Ca (2+) inside the cell. More recent evidence has cast doubt on the calcium hypothesis, and the...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/322261a0
更新日期：1986-07-17 00:00:00
abstract：:The crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS, the Acanthaster planci species group) is a highly fecund predator of reef-building corals throughout the Indo-Pacific region. COTS population outbreaks cause substantial loss of coral cover, diminishing the integrity and resilience of reef ecosystems. Here we sequenced genomes of CO...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature22033
更新日期：2017-04-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Heritable epigenetic polymorphisms, such as differential cytosine methylation, can underlie phenotypic variation. Moreover, wild strains of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana differ in many epialleles, and these can influence the expression of nearby genes. However, to understand their role in evolution, it is imperative ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10555
更新日期：2011-09-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The versatility of Ca2+ signals derives from their spatio-temporal organization. For Ca2+ signals initiated by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), this requires local interactions between InsP3 receptors (InsP3Rs) mediated by their rapid stimulation and slower inhibition\ by cytosolic Ca2+. This allows hierarchical ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature07763
更新日期：2009-04-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Growth of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) requires high levels of hedgehog (HH) signalling through the transcription factor GLI. Although inhibitors of membrane protein smoothened (SMO) effectively suppress HH signalling, early tumour resistance illustrates the need for additional downstream targets for therapy. Here we ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature11889
更新日期：2013-02-28 00:00:00
abstract：:The proton-activated chloride channel (PAC) is active across a wide range of mammalian cells and is involved in acid-induced cell death and tissue injury1-3. PAC has recently been shown to represent a novel and evolutionarily conserved protein family4,5. Here we present two cryo-electron microscopy structures of human...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-2875-7
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The generation and selection of somatic antibody mutants are key elements of acquired immunity, essential for the affinity maturation of antibody responses dependent on T cells. The mutants are generated through a mechanism that introduces point mutations at high rate into rearranged variable (V) region genes in the c...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/354389a0
更新日期：1991-12-05 00:00:00
abstract：:For the past couple of centuries the penchant for prediction has been prevalent at century turns. How much have evaluations of scientific discovery and predictions for future advancement changed since those of the science commentators at the end of the last century? ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35011581
更新日期：1999-12-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Membrane-enclosed organelles, a defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells, are lost during differentiation of specific cell types such as reticulocytes (an intermediate in differentiation of erythrocytes), central fibre cells of the eye lens, and keratinocytes. The degradation of these organelles must be tightly reg...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/26500
更新日期：1998-09-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Courtship is an innate sexually dimorphic behaviour that can be observed in naive animals without previous learning or experience, suggesting that the neural circuits that mediate this behaviour are developmentally programmed. In Drosophila, courtship involves a complex yet stereotyped array of dimorphic behaviours th...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature06808
更新日期：2008-03-27 00:00:00
abstract：:The shape of the human erythrocyte depends on intracellular ATP content and echinocytic erythrocyte ghosts obtained in the presence of Mg-ATP acquire a diskocytic shape after incubation at 37 degrees C; however, agreement is lacking about the molecular basis of the shape changes. The suggestion that phosphorylation of...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/307376a0
更新日期：1984-01-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Although cell migration is crucial for neural development, molecular mechanisms guiding neuronal migration have remained unclear. Here we report that the secreted protein Slit repels neuronal precursors migrating from the anterior subventricular zone in the telencephalon to the olfactory bulb. Our results provide a di...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/22477
更新日期：1999-07-22 00:00:00
